Teva-Emtec-30 Product Monograph

SUMMARY PRODUCT INFORMATION

INDICATIONS AND CLINICAL USE

Adults

TEVA-EMTEC-30 is indicated to provide enhanced analgesia in a wide variety of conditions requiring the control of moderate to severe, acute or chronic pain. It is also indicated as a non-salicylate analgesic/antipyretic/antitussive in acute colds and other acute respiratory diseases.

Geriatrics (> 65 years of age)

In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, concomitant disease or other drug therapy (see ACTION AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Special Populations and Conditions, Geriatrics).

Pediatrics (< 18 years of age)

The safety and efficacy of TEVA-EMTEC-30 has not been studied in the pediatric population. The use of TEVA-EMTEC-30 is not recommended in patients between 12 and 18 years of age, and is contraindicated in those under 12.

Contraindicated in < 12 years of age for any use:

Regardless of the clinical setting, the use of codeine is contraindicated in patients below the age of 12 years because of the risk of opioid toxicity due to the variable and unpredictable metabolism of codeine to morphine (see CONTRAINDICATIONS; and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).

For Cough:

TEVA-EMTEC-30 is not indicated for treatment of cough in patients younger than 18 years of age because of the risk of opioid toxicity due to the variable and unpredictable metabolism of codeine to morphine and because the benefits of symptomatic treatment of cough do not outweigh the risks for use of codeine in these patients (see also CONTRAINDICATIONS; and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).

CONTRAINDICATIONS

TEVA-EMTEC-30 is contraindicated in:

• Patients who are hypersensitive to the active substance acetaminophen and/or codeine phosphate, or other opioid analgesics or to any ingredients in the formulation. For a complete listing, see the DOSAGE FORMS, COMPOSITION AND PACKAGING section of the Prescribing Information.
• Patients with severe hepatic impairment or severe active liver disease.
• In patients with known or suspected mechanical gastrointestinal obstruction (e.g., bowel obstruction or strictures) or any diseases/conditions that affect bowel transit (e.g., ileus of any type).
• Patients with suspected surgical abdomen (e.g., acute appendicitis or pancreatitis).
• Patients with mild pain that can be managed with other pain medications.
• Patients with acute or severe bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive airway, or status asthmaticus.
• Patients with acute respiratory depression, elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cor pulmonale.
• Patients with acute alcoholism, delirium tremens, and convulsive disorders.
• Patients with severe CNS depression, increased cerebrospinal or intracranial pressure, and head injury.
• CYP2D6 ultra-rapid metabolizers who convert codeine into its active metabolite more rapidly and completely than other people (see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, Risk of Death in Ultra-Rapid Metabolizers of Codeine; and OVERDOSAGE, Codeine, Symptoms and Treatment)
• Patients taking monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors (or within 14 days of such therapy).
• Women who are breast-feeding, pregnant or during labour and delivery (see Serious Warnings and Precautions, and Warnings and Precautions).
• Pediatric patients (<18 years of age) who have undergone tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
• Pediatric patients under 12 years old.

WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

SERIOUS WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

General

Patients should be instructed not to give TEVA-EMTEC-30 (acetaminophen and codeine phosphate) tablets to anyone other than the patient for whom it was prescribed, as such inappropriate use may have severe medical consequences, including death. TEVA-EMTEC-30 should be stored securely to avoid theft or misuse.

TEVA-EMTEC-30 should only be prescribed by persons knowledgeable in the continuous administration of potent opioids, in the management of patients receiving potent opioids for the treatment of pain, and in the detection and management of respiratory depression, including the use of opioid antagonists.

Patients should be cautioned not to consume alcohol while taking TEVA-EMTEC-30 as it may increase the chance of experiencing serious adverse events, including death.

Hyperalgesia that will not respond to a further dose increase of acetaminophen and codeine phosphate can occur at particularly high doses. An acetaminophen and codeine phosphate dose reduction or change in opioid may be required.

Patients should be counselled to discontinue codeine products and to seek urgent medical help at the earliest sign of codeine toxicity including symptoms such as confusion, shallow breathing, or extreme sleepiness which may be life threatening.

Abuse and Misuse

Like all opioids, TEVA-EMTEC-30 is a potential drug of abuse and misuse, which can lead to overdose and death. Therefore, TEVA-EMTEC-30 should be prescribed and handled with caution.

Patients should be assessed for their clinical risks for opioid abuse or addiction prior to being prescribed opioids. All patients receiving opioids should be routinely monitored for signs of misuse and abuse.

Opioids, such as TEVA-EMTEC-30, should be used with particular care in patients with a history of alcohol and illicit/prescription drug abuse. However, concerns about abuse, addiction, and diversion should not prevent the proper management of pain.

TEVA-EMTEC-30 is intended for oral use only. The tablets should be swallowed whole, and not chewed or crushed. Abuse of oral dosage forms can be expected to result in serious adverse events, including death.

Cardiovascular

Codeine phosphate administration may result in severe hypotension in patients whose ability to maintain adequate blood pressure is compromised by reduced blood volume, or concurrent administration of drugs such as phenothiazines and other tranquilizers, sedative/hypnotics, tricyclic antidepressants or general anesthetics. These patients should be monitored for signs of hypotension after initiating or titrating the dose of TEVA-EMTEC-30.

The use of TEVA-EMTEC-30 in patients with circulatory shock should be avoided as it may cause vasodilation that can further reduce cardiac output and blood pressure.

Dependence/Tolerance

As with other opioids, tolerance and physical dependence may develop upon repeated administration of TEVA-EMTEC-30 and there is a potential for development of psychological dependence.

Physical dependence and tolerance reflect the neuroadaptation of the opioid receptors to chronic exposure to an opioid, and are separate and distinct from abuse and addiction. Tolerance, as well as physical dependence, may develop upon repeated administration of opioids, and are not by themselves evidence of an addictive disorder or abuse.

Patients on prolonged therapy should be tapered gradually from the drug if it is no longer required for pain control. Withdrawal symptoms may occur following abrupt discontinuation of therapy or upon administration of an opioid antagonist. Some of the symptoms that may be associated with abrupt withdrawal of an opioid analgesic include body aches, diarrhea, gooseflesh, loss of appetite, nausea, nervousness or restlessness, anxiety, runny nose, sneezing, tremors or shivering, stomach cramps, tachycardia, trouble with sleeping, unusual increase in sweating, palpitations, unexplained fever, weakness and yawning (see ADVERSE REACTIONS, DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, Adjustment or Reduction of Dosage).

Use in Drug and Alcohol Addiction

TEVA-EMTEC-30 is an opioid with no approved use in the management of addictive disorders. Its proper usage in individuals with drug or alcohol dependence, either active or in remission, is for the management of pain requiring opioid analgesia. Patients with a history of addiction to drugs or alcohol may be at higher risk of becoming addicted to TEVA-EMTEC-30; extreme caution and awareness is warranted to mitigate the risk.

Endocrine

Adrenal Insufficiency: Cases of adrenal insufficiency have been reported with opioid use, more often following greater than one month of use. Presentation of adrenal insufficiency may include non-specific symptoms and signs including nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and low blood pressure. If adrenal insufficiency is suspected, confirm the diagnosis with diagnostic testing as soon as possible. If adrenal insufficiency is diagnosed, treat with physiologic replacement doses of corticosteroids. Wean the patient off of the opioid to allow adrenal function to recover and continue corticosteroid treatment until adrenal function recovers. Other opioids may be tried as some cases reported use of a different opioid without recurrence of adrenal insufficiency. The information available did not identify any particular opioids as being more likely to be associated with adrenal insufficiency.

Gastrointestinal Effects

Codeine phosphate and other morphine-like opioids have been shown to decrease bowel motility. Codeine phosphate may obscure the diagnosis or clinical course of patients with acute abdominal conditions (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).

Hepatic

Administration of acetaminophen in doses higher than recommended may result in hepatic injury, including the risk of severe hepatotoxicity and death. The maximum daily dose of acetaminophen includes all routes of administration (intravenous, oral and rectal) and all products containing acetaminophen (oral solutions/drops, syrup, pills, capsules, suppositories, etc.). Do not exceed the maximum recommended daily dose of acetaminophen (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).

As with any other non-prescription analgesic drug, physicians should be cognizant of and supervise the use of acetaminophen in patients with alcoholism, serious kidney or liver disease (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).

Chronic heavy alcohol abusers may be at increased risk of liver toxicity from excessive acetaminophen use, although reports of this event are rare. Reports usually involve cases of severe chronic alcoholics and the dosages of acetaminophen most often exceed recommended doses and often involve substantial overdose. Physicians should alert their patients who regularly consume large amounts of alcohol not to exceed the recommended doses of acetaminophen.

Acetaminophen may cause hepatotoxicity in situations of intentional overdose (e.g., attempted suicide), unintentional overdose (e.g., overdosing when pain relief is not satisfactory), simultaneous use of multiple acetaminophen-containing preparations, accidental overdose or in very rare cases, after recommended doses, although causality has not been determined. The hepatotoxic reaction can be severe and life-threatening. Early symptoms following a hepatotoxic overdose may include nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, lethargy, and general malaise. If appropriate treatment is not instituted, these may progress to upper quadrant pain, confusion, stupor, and sequelae of hepatic necrosis, such as jaundice, coagulation defects, hypoglycemia, and encephalopathy. Renal failure and cardiomyopathy may also occur. In the event of known or suspected overdosage, treatment with N-acetyl cysteine should be instituted immediately (see OVERDOSAGE), even when there are no obvious symptoms. Failure to promptly treat acetaminophen hepatotoxicity with N-acetyl cysteine can result in liver failure, leading to liver transplantation and/or death.

Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome (NOWS)

Prolonged maternal use of opioids during pregnancy can result in withdrawal signs in the neonate. Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, unlike opioid withdrawal syndrome in adults, may be life-threatening.

Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome presents as irritability, hyperactivity and abnormal sleep pattern, high pitched cry, tremor, vomiting, diarrhea and failure to gain weight. The onset, duration, and severity of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome vary based on the specific opioid used, duration of use, timing and amount of last maternal use, and rate of elimination of the drug by the newborn.

Use of TEVA-EMTEC-30 is contraindicated in pregnant women (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).

Neurologic

Serotonin Syndrome: TEVA-EMTEC-30 could cause a rare but potentially life-threatening condition resulting from concomitant administration of serotonergic drugs (e.g. antidepressants, migraine medications). Treatment with the serotoninergic drug should be discontinued if such events (characterized by clusters of symptoms such as hyperthermia, rigidity, myoclonus, autonomic instability with possible rapid fluctuations of vital signs, mental status changes including confusion, irritability, extreme agitation progressing to delirium and coma) occur and supportive symptomatic treatment should be initiated. TEVA-EMTEC-30 should not be used in combination with MAO inhibitors or serotonin-precursors (such as L-tryptophan, oxitriptan) and should be used with caution in combination with other serotonergic drugs (triptans, certain tricyclic antidepressants, lithium, tramadol, St. John’s Wort) due to the risk of serotonergic syndrome (see DRUG INTERACTIONS).

Interactions with Central Nervous System Depressants (including benzodiazepines and alcohol): Acetaminophen and codeine phosphate should be used with caution and in a reduced dosage during concomitant administration of other opioid analgesics, general anesthetics, phenothiazines and other tranquilizers, sedative-hypnotics, tricyclic antidepressants, antipsychotics, antihistamines, benzodiazepines, centrally-active antiemetics and other CNS depressants. Respiratory depression, hypotension and profound sedation, coma or death may result.

Observational studies have demonstrated that concomitant use of opioid analgesics and benzodiazepines increases the risk of drug-related mortality compared to use of opioid analgesics alone. Because of similar pharmacological properties, it is reasonable to expect similar risk with the concomitant use of other CNS depressant drugs with opioid analgesics (see DRUG INTERACTIONS). If the decision is made to prescribe a benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant concomitantly with an opioid analgesic, prescribe the lowest effective dosages and minimum durations of concomitant use. In patients already receiving an opioid analgesic, prescribe a lower initial dose of the benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant than indicated in the absence of an opioid, and titrate based on clinical response. If an opioid analgesic is initiated in a patient already taking a benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant, prescribe a lower initial dose of the opioid analgesic and titrate based on clinical response. Follow patients closely for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.

Advise both patients and caregivers about the risks of respiratory depression and sedation when TEVA-EMTEC-30 is used with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants (including alcohol and illicit drugs). Advise patients not to drive or operate heavy machinery until the effects of concomitant use of the benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant have been determined. Screen patients for risk of substance use disorders, including opioid abuse and misuse, and warn them of the risk for overdose and death associated with the use of additional CNS depressants including alcohol and illicit drugs (see DRUG INTERACTIONS).

TEVA-EMTEC-30 should not be consumed with alcohol as it may increase the chance of experiencing dangerous side effects, including death (see CONTRAINDICATIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS, Sedation and DRUG INTERACTIONS).

Severe pain antagonizes the subjective and respiratory depressant actions of opioid analgesics. Should pain suddenly subside, these effects may rapidly become manifest.

Head Injury: The respiratory depressant effects of codeine phosphate, and the capacity to elevate cerebrospinal fluid pressure, may be greatly increased in the presence of an already elevated intracranial pressure produced by trauma. Also, codeine phosphate may produce confusion, miosis, vomiting and other side effects which obscure the clinical course of patients with head injury. In such patients, codeine phosphate must be used with extreme caution and only if it is judged essential (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).

Risk of Death in Ultra-Rapid Metabolizers of Codeine

Some individuals may be ultra-rapid metabolizers due to a specific CYP2D6*2x2 genotype. These individuals convert codeine into its active metabolite, morphine, more rapidly and completely than other people. This rapid conversion results in higher than expected serum morphine levels. Even at labelled dosage regimens, individuals who are ultra-rapid metabolizers may have life-threatening or fatal respiratory depression or experience overdose symptoms such as extreme sleepiness, confusion, or shallow breathing. . (See Special Populations, Labour, Delivery and Nursing Women).

The prevalence of this CYP2D6 phenotype varies widely and has been estimated at 0.5 to 1% in Chinese and Japanese, 0.5 to 1% in Hispanics, 1 to 10% in Caucasians, 3% in African Americans, and 16 to 28% in North Africans, Ethiopians, and Arabs. Data are not available for other ethnic groups. When physicians prescribe codeine-containing drugs, they should choose the lowest effective dose for the shortest period of time and inform their patients about these risks and the signs of morphine overdose (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, Dosing Considerations).

Peri-Operative Considerations

TEVA-EMTEC-30 is not indicated for pre-emptive analgesia (administration pre-operatively for the management of post-operative pain).

In the case of planned chordotomy or other pain-relieving operations, patients should not be treated with TEVA-EMTEC-30 for at least 24 hours before the operation and TEVA-EMTEC-30 should not be used in the immediate post-operative period.

Physicians should individualize treatment, moving from parenteral to oral analgesics as appropriate. Thereafter, if TEVA-EMTEC-30 is to be continued after the patient recovers from the post-operative period, a new dosage should be administered in accordance with the changed need for pain relief. The risk of withdrawal in opioid-tolerant patients should be addressed as clinically indicated.

The administration of analgesics in the peri-operative period should be managed by healthcare providers with adequate training and experience (e.g., by an anesthesiologist).

Acetaminophen and codeine phosphate and other morphine-like opioids have been shown to decrease bowel motility. Ileus is a common post-operative complication, especially after intra-abdominal surgery with opioid analgesia. Caution should be taken to monitor for decreased bowel motility in post-operative patients receiving opioids. Standard supportive therapy should be implemented.

TEVA-EMTEC-30 should not be used in the early post-operative period (12 to 24 hours post-surgery) unless the patient is ambulatory and gastrointestinal function is normal.

Psychomotor Impairment

TEVA-EMTEC-30 may impair the mental and/or physical abilities needed for certain potentially hazardous activities such as driving a car or operating machinery. Patients should be cautioned accordingly. Patients should also be cautioned about the combined effects of acetaminophen and codeine phosphate with other CNS depressants, including other opioids, phenothiazine, sedative/hypnotics and alcohol.

Respiratory

Respiratory Depression: Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression has been reported with the use of opioids, even when used as recommended. Respiratory depression from opioid use, if not immediately recognized and treated, may lead to respiratory arrest and death. Management of respiratory depression may include close observation, supportive measures, and use of opioid antagonists, depending on the patient’s clinical status. Codeine phosphate should be used with extreme caution in patients with substantially decreased respiratory reserve, pre-existing respiratory depression, hypoxia or hypercapnia (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).

While serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression can occur at any time during the use of TEVA-EMTEC-30, the risk is greatest during the initiation of therapy or following a dose increase. Patients should be closely monitored for respiratory depression when initiating therapy with TEVA-EMTEC-30 and following dose increases.

Life-threatening respiratory depression is more likely to occur in the elderly, cachectic, or debilitated patients because they may have altered pharmacokinetics or altered clearance compared to younger, healthier patients.

In patients with asthma or pulmonary emphysema, indiscriminate use may precipitate respiratory insufficiency resulting from increased viscosity of bronchial secretions and suppression of cough reflex.

The respiratory depressant effects of narcotics and their capacity to elevate cerebrospinal fluid pressure may be markedly exaggerated in the presence of head injury, other intracranial lesions or a pre-existing elevated intracranial pressure. Furthermore, narcotics may produce side effects which can obscure the clinical course of patients with head injuries.

The administration of TEVA-EMTEC-30 or other narcotics may obscure the diagnosis or clinical course in patients with acute abdominal conditions.

Use with caution in patients who have undergone thoracotomies or laparotomies, since suppression of the cough reflex may lead to retention of secretions postoperatively in these patients.

Codeine, including TEVA-EMTEC-30, is not recommended for use in any patient in whom respiratory function might be compromised including neuromuscular disorders, severe cardiac or respiratory conditions, lung infections, multiple trauma or extensive surgical procedures.

Life-threatening respiratory depression is more likely to occur in the elderly, cachectic, or debilitated patients because they may have altered pharmacokinetics or altered clearance compared to younger, healthier patients.

To reduce the risk of respiratory depression, proper dosing and titration of TEVA-EMTEC-30 are essential. Overestimating the TEVA-EMTEC-30 dose when converting patients from another opioid product can result in a fatal overdose with the first dose. In these patients, the use of non-opioid analgesics should be considered, if feasible (see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, Special Populations, Special Risk Groups, and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).

Risk factors for life-threatening respiratory depression in children

Respiratory depression and death have occurred in children who received codeine in the postoperative period following tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy and had evidence of being ultra-rapid metabolizers of codeine (i.e., multiple copies of the gene for cytochrome P450 isoenzyme 2D6 or high morphine concentrations).

• Codeine-containing products are contraindicated for all children younger than 12 years of age.
• Codeine-containing products are contraindicated for post-operative pain management in all pediatric patients undergoing tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).
• Avoid the use of codeine-containing products in adolescents 12 to 18 years of age who have other risk factors that may increase their sensitivity to the respiratory depressant effects of codeine unless the benefits outweigh the risks. Risk factors include conditions associated with hypoventilation, such as postoperative status, obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, severe pulmonary disease, neuromuscular disease, and concomitant use of other medications that cause respiratory depression.

Risks of Interactions with Drugs Affecting Cytochrome P450 Isoenzymes

The effects of concomitant use or discontinuation of cytochrome P450 3A4 inducers, 3A4 inhibitors, or 2D6 inhibitors with codeine are complex. Use of cytochrome P450 3A4 inducers,

3A4 inhibitors, or 2D6 inhibitors with TEVA-EMTEC-30 requires careful consideration of the effects on the parent drug, codeine, and the active metabolite, morphine (see DRUG INTERACTIONS).

Use in Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Disease: Monitor patients with significant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cor pulmonale, and patients having a substantially decreased respiratory reserve, hypoxia, hypercapnia, or pre-existing respiratory depression for respiratory depression, particularly when initiating therapy and titrating with TEVA-EMTEC-30, as in these patients, even usual therapeutic doses of TEVA-EMTEC-30 may decrease respiratory drive to the point of apnea. In these patients, use of alternative non-opioid analgesics should be considered, if possible. The use of TEVA-EMTEC-30 is contraindicated in patients with acute or severe bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive airway, or status asthmaticus (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).

Sexual Function/Reproduction

Long-term use of opioids may be associated with decreased sex hormone levels and symptoms such as low libido, erectile dysfunction, or infertility (see ADVERSE REACTIONS, Post-Marketing Experience).

Skin

Rarely, acetaminophen can cause serious skin reactions such as acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), which can be fatal. It is important to recognize and react quickly to the initial symptoms of these reactions which may occur without warning but may be manifested by any serious skin reactions. Patients should be informed about the signs of serious skin reactions, and use of the drug should be discontinued at their first appearance.

Special Populations

Special Risk Groups: Acetaminophen and codeine phosphate should be administered with caution to patients with a history of alcohol and drug abuse, and in a reduced dosage to debilitated patients, and in patients with severely impaired pulmonary function, Addison’s disease, hypothyroidism, myxedema, toxic psychosis, prostatic hypertrophy or urethral stricture.

Pregnant Women: Studies in humans have not been conducted. TEVA-EMTEC-30 crosses the placental barrier and is contraindicated in pregnant women.

Prolonged maternal use of opioids during pregnancy can result in withdrawal signs in the neonate. Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome (NOWS), unlike opioid withdrawal syndrome in adults, can be life-threatening (see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome (NOWS).

Pregnant women using opioids should not discontinue their medication abruptly as this can cause pregnancy complication such as miscarriage or still-birth. Tapering should be slow and under medical supervision to avoid serious adverse events to the fetus.

Labour, Delivery and Nursing Women: Since opioids can cross the placental barrier and are excreted in breast milk, TEVA-EMTEC-30 is contraindicated in nursing women and during labour and delivery. Life-threatening respiratory depression can occur in the infant if opioids are administered to the mother. Naloxone, a drug that counters the effects of opioids, should be readily available if TEVA-EMTEC-30 is used in this population.

Narcotic analgesics should be avoided during labour if delivery of a premature infant is anticipated. If the mother has received narcotic analgesics during labour, newborn infants should be observed closely for signs of respiratory depression. Resuscitation may be required (see OVERDOSAGE). The effects of codeine, if any, on the later growth, development, and functional maturation of the child is unknown (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).

Codeine is secreted into human milk. In women with normal codeine metabolism (normal CYP2D6 activity), the amount of codeine secreted into human milk is low and dose-dependent. Despite the common use of codeine products to manage postpartum pain, reports of adverse events in breastfed infants are rare. However, some women are ultra-rapid metabolizers of codeine (see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, Ultra-Rapid Metabolizers of Codeine).

These women achieve higher than expected serum levels of codeine’s active metabolite, morphine, leading to higher than expected levels of morphine in breast milk and potentially dangerously high serum morphine levels in their breastfed infants. Mothers using codeine should be informed about when to seek immediate medical care and how to identify the signs and symptoms of neonatal toxicity, such as drowsiness or sedation, difficulty breastfeeding, breathing difficulties and decreased tone, in their baby. Therefore, maternal use of codeine can potentially lead to serious adverse reactions, including death, in nursing infants.

Since there is a risk of infant exposure to codeine and morphine through breast milk, TEVA-EMTEC-30 is contraindicated in breast-feeding. Prescribers should closely monitor mother-infant pairs and notify treating pediatricians about any use of codeine during breast-feeding

Newborns: Dependence and withdrawal signs have been reported in newborns whose mothers took opiates regularly during pregnancy. These signs include irritability, excessive crying, tremors, hyperreflexia, fever, vomiting, and diarrhea. Signs usually appear during the first few days of life (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).

Pediatrics (< 18 years of age)

The safety and efficacy of TEVA-EMTEC-30 has not been studied in the pediatric population. The use of TEVA-EMTEC-30 is not recommended in patients between 12 and 18 years of age, and is contraindicated in those under 12.

Contraindicated in < 12 years of age for any use:

Regardless of the clinical setting, the use of codeine is contraindicated in patients below the age of 12 years because of the risk of opioid toxicity due to the variable and unpredictable metabolism of codeine to morphine (see CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, Special Populations, Pediatrics; and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).

For Cough:

TEVA-EMTEC-30 is not indicated for treatment of cough in patients younger than 18 years of age because of the risk of opioid toxicity due to the variable and unpredictable metabolism of codeine to morphine and because the benefits of symptomatic treatment of cough do not outweigh the risks for use of codeine in these patients (see also CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, Special Populations, Pediatrics; and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).

Geriatrics (> 65 years of age): In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range and titrate slowly, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and ACTION AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Special Populations and Conditions, Geriatrics).

Patients with Hepatic Impairment:

Acetaminophen

TEVA-EMTEC-30 tablets are contraindicated in patients with severe hepatic impairment.

In patients with compromised liver function, acetaminophen could exacerbate liver insufficiency. The half-life of acetaminophen can be prolonged in patients with severe liver disease which could lead to increased exposure. Liver function should be monitored in patients with liver disease (see Laboratory Tests).

Patients with or without liver disease should not exceed the daily maximum dose of acetaminophen (4,000 mg). The maximum daily dose of acetaminophen includes all routes of administration (intravenous, oral and rectal) and all products containing acetaminophen (oral solutions/drops, syrup, pills, capsules, suppositories etc.).

Codeine

In patients with hepatic impairment, pain control may be compromised because codeine may not be adequately metabolized. Alternative pain medication could be considered due to the possible insufficient analgesic effect.

Patients with Renal Impairment:

TEVA-EMTEC-30 tablets are contraindicated in patients with severe renal impairment. Acetaminophen has been reported to cause toxicity in this population. Use of codeine is not recommended in patients with a Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) <30 mL/min. Patients with renal dysfunction have increased risk of toxicity. Renal function should be monitored in patients with renal disease (see Laboratory Tests).

Laboratory Tests

In patients with severe hepatic or renal disease, effects of therapy should be monitored with serial liver and/or renal function tests.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

Adverse Drug Reaction Overview

Adverse effects of TEVA-EMTEC-30 (acetaminophen and codeine phosphate) tablets are similar to those of other opioid analgesics and represent an extension of pharmacological effects of the drug class. The major hazards of opioids include respiratory and central nervous system depression and to a lesser degree, circulatory depression, respiratory arrest, shock and cardiac arrest.

The most frequently observed adverse effects of acetaminophen and codeine phosphate are gastrointestinal upset, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting and constipation.

Sedation: Sedation is a common side effect of opioid analgesics, especially in opioid naïve individuals. Sedation may also occur partly because patients often recuperate from prolonged fatigue after the relief of persistent pain. Most patients develop tolerance to the sedative effects of opioids within three to five days and, if the sedation is not severe, will not require any treatment except reassurance. If excessive sedation persists beyond a few days, the dose of the opioid should be reduced and alternate causes investigated. Some of these are: concurrent CNS depressant medication, hepatic or renal dysfunction, brain metastases, hypercalcemia and respiratory failure. If it is necessary to reduce the dose, it can be carefully increased again after three or four days if it is obvious that the pain is not being well controlled. Dizziness and unsteadiness may be caused by postural hypotension, particularly in elderly or debilitated patients, and may be alleviated if the patient lies down.

Nausea and Vomiting: Nausea is a common side effect on initiation of therapy with opioid analgesics and is thought to occur by activation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone, stimulation of the vestibular apparatus and through delayed gastric emptying. The prevalence of nausea declines following continued treatment with opioid analgesics. When instituting therapy with an opioid for chronic pain, the routine prescription of an antiemetic should be considered. In the cancer patient, investigation of nausea should include such causes as constipation, bowel obstruction, uremia, hypercalcemia, hepatomegaly, tumor invasion of celiac plexus and concurrent use of drugs with emetogenic properties. Persistent nausea which does not respond to dosage reduction may be caused by opioid-induced gastric stasis and may be accompanied by other symptoms including anorexia, early satiety, vomiting and abdominal fullness. These symptoms respond to chronic treatment with gastrointestinal prokinetic agents.

Constipation: Practically all patients become constipated while taking opioids on a persistent basis. In some patients, particularly the elderly or bedridden, fecal impaction may result. It is essential to caution the patients in this regard and to institute an appropriate regimen of bowel management at the start of prolonged opioid therapy. Stimulant laxatives, stool softeners, and other appropriate measures should be used as required. As fecal impaction may present as overflow diarrhea, the presence of constipation should be excluded in patients on opioid therapy prior to initiating treatment for diarrhea.

The following adverse effects occur less frequently with opioid analgesics, whether related or not to acetaminophen and codeine phosphate, are rash, urticaria, neutropenia, methemoglobinemia, thrombocytopenia, palpitations, pruritus, hyperhidrosis, agitation, and a slight increase in prothrombin time in patients receiving oral anticoagulants. Respiratory depression may be seen at higher doses, and the possibility of habituation or true addiction should be avoided.

Post-marketing Experience

Androgen deficiency: Chronic use of opioids may influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, leading to androgen deficiency that may manifest as low libido, impotence, erectile dysfunction, amenorrhea, or infertility. The causal role of opioids in the clinical syndrome of hypogonadism is unknown because the various medical, physical, lifestyle, and psychological stressors that may influence gonadal hormone levels have not been adequately controlled for in studies conducted to date. Patients presenting with symptoms of androgen deficiency should undergo laboratory evaluation.

DRUG INTERACTIONS

Overview

Interaction with Serotonin: Coadministration of codeine phosphate with a serotonergic agent, such as a Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitor or a Serotonin Norepinephrine Re-uptake Inhibitor, may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition (see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS).

Interaction with Benzodiazepines and Other Central Nervous System (CNS) Depressants: Due to additive pharmacologic effect, the concomitant use of benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants (e.g., other opioids, sedatives/hypnotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, general anesthetics, antipsychotics, phenothiazines, neuroleptics, antihistamines, antiemetics and alcohol) and beta-blockers, increases the risk of respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. Limited dosages and durations to the minimum required. Follow patients closely for signs of respiratory depression and sedation (see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, Neurologic, Interactions with Central Nervous System Depressants (including benzodiazepines and alcohol) and Psychomotor Impairment). TEVA-EMTEC-30 should not be consumed with alcohol as it may increase the chance of experiencing dangerous side effects. The concurrent use of anticholinergic with codeine may produce paralytic ileus.

Drug-Drug Interactions

Anticholinergics:

Concomitant use of drugs with antimuscarinic activity may increase the risk of severe constipation and/or urinary retention.

Cimetidine:

Concurrent administration of cimetidine may lead to increased effect or toxicity of opioid analgesics.

CNS Agents:

Concomitant administration of other CNS drugs such as sedatives, hypnotics, phenothiazines, anesthetics and alcohol may increase the sedative and depressant effects of opioid analgesics. If the concomitant use of these drugs is considered necessary, their doses should be reduced accordingly.

MAO Inhibitors:

Serious adverse reactions have been reported in patients who receive MAO inhibitors with pethidine. Other opioid analgesics should be used with extreme caution, if at all, in patients taking MAO inhibitors (including selegiline) or within 14 days of such therapy.

Opioid Antagonists:

Naltrexone and agonist-antagonist opioid analgesics (i.e., pentazocine, nalbuphine, butorphanol) should not be administered to a patient who has received or is receiving a course of therapy with a pure opioid agonist analgesic. In these patients, mixed agonist-antagonists may reduce the analgesic effect or may precipitate withdrawal symptoms.

Other Opioids:

The use of more than one opioid agonist at a time is usually inappropriate; additive CNS depressant, respiratory depressant and hypotensive effects may occur if 2 or more agonists are used concurrently. Potentiation of effects may occur with a previously administered long-acting opioid analgesic.

Tricyclic Antidepressants:

Tricyclic antidepressants may enhance opioid-induced respiratory depression.

Interaction with Anticoagulants: Patients who concomitantly medicate with warfarin-type anticoagulants and regular doses of acetaminophen have occasionally been reported to have unforeseen elevations in their international normalized ratio [INR]. Physicians should be cognizant of this potential interaction and monitor the INR in such patients closely while therapy is established. Many factors, including diet, medications, and environmental and physical states, may affect how a patient responds to anticoagulant therapy. There have been several reports that suggest that acetaminophen may produce hypoprothrombinemia (elevated INR or prothrombin time) when administered with coumarin derivatives. In other studies, prothrombin time did not change. Reported changes have been generally of limited clinical significance, however, periodic evaluation of prothrombin time should be performed when these agents are administered concurrently.

In the period immediately following discharge from the hospital or whenever other medications are initiated, discontinued, or taken regularly, it is important to monitor patient response to anticoagulation therapy with additional prothrombin time of INR determinations.

Interactions with Drugs Affecting Cytochrome P450 Isoenzymes

The effects of concomitant use or discontinuation of CYP3A4 inducers, CYP3A4 inhibitors, or CYP2D6 inhibitors with codeine are complex, and requires careful consideration of the effects on the parent drug, codeine, and the active metabolite, morphine. Avoid the use of TEVA-EMTEC-30 while taking CYP3A4 inducers, CYP3A4 inhibitors, or CYP2D6 inhibitors. If concomitant use is necessary, monitor patients for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals or for signs of opioid withdrawal.

CYP2D6 inhibitors: The concomitant use of TEVA-EMTEC-30 and CYP2D6 inhibitors (e.g., amiodarone, quinidine) may result in a decrease in active metabolite morphine plasma concentration, leading to decreased efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal. The discontinuation of a concomitantly used CYP2D6 inhibitor may lead to an increased metabolism to morphine, which could increase or prolong adverse reactions and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression.

CYP3A4 inhibitors: The concomitant use of TEVA-EMTEC-30 and CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), azole-antifungal agents (e.g. ketoconazole), or protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir) can increase the plasma concentration of codeine and its subsequent metabolism by CYP2D6, resulting in greater morphine levels, which could increase or prolong opioid effects. The discontinuation of a concomitantly used CYP3A4 inhibitor might results in a reduced efficacy of TEVA-EMTEC-30.

CYP3A4 inducers: The concomitant use of TEVA-EMTEC-30 and CYP3A4 inducers, such as rifampin, carbamazepine, and phenytoin, may result in a decreased plasma concentration of codeine and its active metabolite morphine, leading to decreased efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal. The discontinuation of concomitantly used CYP3A4 inducers can increase the plasma concentration of codeine and its active metabolite morphine, which could increase or prolong adverse reactions and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression.

Drug Laboratory Test Interactions:

Opioid analgesics may interfere with certain diagnostic procedures, by increasing plasma amylase and lipase concentrations and by increasing CSF pressure. Gastric emptying is delayed by these drugs so gastric emptying studies will not be valid.

Drug-Lifestyle Interactions

The concomitant use of alcohol should be avoided (see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, General).

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Pediatrics: (see also INDICATIONS)

Treatment of cough:

TEVA-EMTEC-30 is not indicated for treatment of cough in patients younger than 18 years of age because of the risk of opioid toxicity due to the variable and unpredictable metabolism of codeine to morphine and because the benefits of symptomatic treatment of cough associated with allergies or the common cold do not outweigh the risks for use of codeine in these patients.

Contraindication in children under 12, any use:

Regardless of clinical setting, codeine (including TEVA-EMTEC-30) should not be used in children below the age of 12 years because of the risk of opioid toxicity due to the variable and unpredictable metabolism of codeine to morphine (see INDICATIONS).

Increasing Risk with Higher Doses

All doses of opioids carry an inherent risk of fatal or non-fatal adverse events. This risk is increased with higher doses. For the management of chronic non-cancer, non-palliative pain, it is recommended that the maximum daily dosage of 12 tablets of TEVA-EMTEC-30 totaling 360 mg of codeine (54 morphine milligram equivalent) not be exceeded. Each patient should be assessed for their risk prior to prescribing TEVA-EMTEC-30, as the likelihood of experiencing serious adverse events can depend upon the type of opioid, duration of treatment, level of pain as well as the patient’s own level of tolerance. In addition, the coughing or the level of pain should be assessed routinely to confirm the most appropriate dose and the need for further use of TEVA-EMTEC-30 (see D&A - Adjustment or reduction of Dosage).

TEVA-EMTEC-30 should only be used in patients for whom alternative treatment options are ineffective or not tolerated (e.g., non-opioid analgesics).

TEVA-EMTEC-30 must be swallowed whole. Cutting, breaking, crushing, chewing, or dissolving TEVA-EMTEC-30 can lead to dangerous adverse events including death (see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS).

For acute pain, it is recommended that TEVA-EMTEC-30 be used for a maximum of 7 days at the lowest dose that provides adequate pain relief.

Dosing Considerations

TEVA-EMTEC-30 (acetaminophen and codeine phosphate tablets) should be used with caution within 12 hours pre-operatively and within the first 12-24 hours post-operatively (see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, Peri-operative Considerations).

TEVA-EMTEC-30 is not indicated for rectal administration. Dosing should be as needed every 4-6 hours and not on scheduled intervals.

TEVA-EMTEC-30 may be taken with or without food, with a glass of water.

Recommended Dose and Dosage Adjustment

Adults:

Take 1 tablet every 4-6 hours as required, do not exceed 12 tablets in 24 hours. If pain does not respond to 1 tablet, take 2 tablets at next dose.

Codeine, including TEVA-EMTEC-30, should be prescribed at the lowest effective dose for the shortest period of time. Dosage should be adjusted according to the severity of pain and the response of the patient. Acetaminophen with codeine is given orally. It should be kept in mind that tolerance to codeine can develop with continued use and that the incidence of untoward effects is dose related.

Patients Not Receiving Opioids at the Time of Initiation of TEVA-EMTEC-30 Treatment

The usual initial adult dose is 1 to 2 tablets every 6 hours as required or as prescribed.

Geriatrics:

Respiratory depression has occurred in the elderly following administration of large initial doses of opioids to patients who were not opioid-tolerant or when opioids were co-administered with other agents that can depress respiration. TEVA-EMTEC-30 should be initiated at a low dose and slowly titrated to effect (see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and ACTION AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY).

Use with Non-Opioid Medications:

Do not co-administer with other drugs containing acetaminophen. TEVA-EMTEC-30 should not be used above the dosage recommended. Overdose may result in severe or possibly liver damage.

Dose Titration:

Dose titration is the key to success with opioid analgesic therapy. Proper optimization of doses scaled to the relief of the individual's pain should aim at administration of the lowest dose which will achieve the overall treatment goal of satisfactory pain relief with acceptable side effects.

Dosage adjustments should be based on the patient's clinical response.

Adjustment or Reduction of Dosage:

Because headache often involves a significant psychological component, a narcotic analgesic should only be employed for the treatment of headache when no other treatment is effective, in order to minimize the risk or psychological and physical dependence.

This product is inappropriate even in high doses for severe or intractable pain. Adult doses of codeine higher than 60 mg fail to give commensurate relief of pain, but merely prolong analgesia and are associated with an appreciably increased incidence of undesirable side effects.

Physical dependence with or without psychological dependence tends to occur with chronic administration of opioids, including TEVA-EMTEC-30. Withdrawal (abstinence) symptoms may occur following abrupt discontinuation of therapy. These symptoms may include body aches, diarrhea, gooseflesh, loss of appetite, nausea, nervousness or restlessness, runny nose, sneezing, tremors or shivering, stomach cramps, tachycardia, trouble with sleeping, unusual increase in sweating, palpitations, unexplained fever, weakness and yawning.

Following successful relief of moderate to severe pain, periodic attempts to reduce the opioid dose should be made. Smaller doses or complete discontinuation may become feasible due to a change in the patient’s condition or mental state. Patients on prolonged therapy should be withdrawn gradually from the drug if it is no longer required for pain control. In patients who are appropriately treated with opioid analgesics and who undergo gradual withdrawal for the drug, these symptoms are usually mild (see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS). Tapering should be individualised and carried out under medical supervision.

Patient should be informed that reducing and/or discontinuing opioids decreases their tolerance to these drugs. If treatment needs to be re-initiated, the patient must start at the lowest dose and titrate up to avoid overdose.

Opioid analgesics may only be partially effective in relieving dysesthetic pain, postherpetic neuralgia, stabbing pains, activity-related pain and some forms of headache. That is not to say that patients with advanced cancer suffering from some of these forms of pain should not be given an adequate trial of opioid analgesics, but it may be necessary to refer such patients at an early time to other forms of pain therapy.

Disposal

TEVA-EMTEC-30 should be kept in a safe place, out of the sight and reach of children before, during and after use. TEVA-EMTEC-30 should not be used in front of children, since they may copy these actions.

TEVA-EMTEC-30 should never be disposed of in household trash. Disposal via a pharmacy take back program is recommended. Unused or expired TEVA-EMTEC-30 should be properly disposed of as soon as it is no longer needed to prevent accidental exposure to others, including children or pets. If temporary storage is required before disposal, a sealed child-proof container, such as a biohazard waste container or a lockable medication box could be obtained from a pharmacy.

Missed Dose

If the patient forgets to take one or more doses, they should take their next dose at the next scheduled time and in the normal amount.

OVERDOSAGE

Acetaminophen

Symptoms:

Serious hepatotoxicity may occur in adults after ingestion of a single dose of 10 g (150 mg/kg or greater) and fatalities have usually been reported after ingestion of a single dose of 15 g or more of acetaminophen.

Patients suffering from an overdose of acetaminophen will progress through 3 stages if untreated. During the first stage, which lasts from 12 to 24 hours, there may be anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis and pallor. After 24 hours, earlier symptoms tend to abate and the patient may even feel well for one or a few days. Unfortunately, during this second phase, hepatic enzymes, serum bilirubin and prothrombin time begin to rise as hepatic necrosis progresses and tenderness may develop in the right upper quadrant. Three to 5 days after drug ingestion, the third phase sets in for those patients who develop significant hepatic necrosis. This phase is marked by the sequelae of hepatic necrosis which include jaundice, coagulation effects, hypoglycemia, encephalopathy as well as renal failure and myocardiopathy. Death occurs as a result of hepatic failure.

Treatment:

Large overdoses of acetaminophen are potentially fatal, unless an appropriate antidote such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is administered early after drug ingestion, usually within 12 to 16 hours.

There is some evidence to suggest that NAC may offer some protection even when given up to 24 hours after drug ingestion. The hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen is related to a secondary, reactive metabolite which is detoxified by conjugation with hepatic glutathione. A large overdosage of acetaminophen will result in an increased formation of the reactive metabolite which in turn may deplete stores of glutathione in the liver. Antidotes such as NAC probably act by restoring glutathione levels.

Emergency Procedure: The stomach should be emptied promptly.

Specific Therapy:

A careful estimate should be made of the quantity of acetaminophen ingested. Regardless of the quantity ingested, and particularly if it is estimated to be 7.5 g or more, an immediate loading dose of NAC should be administered if 24 hours or less have elapsed since drug ingestion. NAC is available as Mucomyst which contains a 20% solution of N-acetylcysteine in sterile vials of 10 and 30 mL. The 20% solution NAC in Mucomyst should be diluted to a 5% solution for oral administration, by using water, cola, grapefruit juice or orange juice. The diluted mixture should be consumed within 1 hour of preparation. The loading dose of NAC is 140 mg/kg of bodyweight. This should be followed by maintenance doses of 70 mg of NAC/kg of bodyweight, every 4 hours, for 17 doses. If the patient vomits within 1 hour of administration, the NAC dose should be repeated. If the patient is unable to tolerate oral administration, NAC should be administered i.v. (see the monographs for Mucomyst and Parvolex for detailed instructions). If activated charcoal has been used, lavage must be performed before initiating treatment with NAC.

Acetaminophen Plasma Assay: Acetaminophen plasma levels 4 hours post-ingestion of an overdose provide a fairly reliable prognostic indication of potential hepatotoxicity. Values of 200 µg/mL or more at 4 hours post-ingestion, or 50 µg/mL or more at 12 hours after ingestion, are associated with the possibility of hepatic toxicity. If the plasma levels of acetaminophen are more than 25% below these values, the risk of toxicity is much reduced.

Follow-Up and Supportive Therapy:

Monitoring of hepatic and renal function, and supportive measures, should be used as indicated. Hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis has not been found helpful. Experience indicates that children under 5 years of age are more resistant than adults to the hepatic effects of acetaminophen overdose.

Codeine

Symptoms:

The primary symptoms due to overdosage of codeine include euphoria, dysphoria, visual disturbances, hypotension and coma or death due to respiratory depression.

Treatment:

Primary attention should be given to the re-establishment of adequate respiratory exchange through provision of a patent airway and the institution of assisted or controlled ventilation. The narcotic antagonist naloxone, is a specific antidote for respiratory depression which may result from an overdose or unusual sensitivity to narcotics. Therefore, an appropriate dose of naloxone should be administered, preferably by the i.v. route, simultaneously with efforts at respiratory resuscitation. Since the duration of action of acetaminophen with codeine may exceed that of the antagonist, patients should be kept under continued surveillance and repeated doses of antagonists should be administered as needed to maintain adequate respiration. An antagonist should not be administered in the absence of clinically significant respiratory or cardiovascular depression. Oxygen, i.v. fluids, vasopressors and other supportive measures should be employed as indicated.

ACTION AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Pharmacodynamics

Central Nervous System:

TEVA-EMTEC-30 produces respiratory depression by direct action on brain stem respiratory centres. The respiratory depression involves both a reduction in the responsiveness of the brain stem centres to increases in CO₂ tension and to electrical stimulation.

TEVA-EMTEC-30 depresses the cough reflex by direct effect on the cough centre in the medulla. Antitussive effects may occur with doses lower than those usually required for analgesia.

TEVA-EMTEC-30 causes miosis, even in total darkness. Pinpoint pupils are a sign of opioid overdose but are not pathognomonic (e.g., pontine lesions of hemorrhagic or ischemic origin may produce similar findings). Marked mydriasis rather than miosis may be seen with hypoxia in the setting of codeine phosphate overdose.

Gastrointestinal Tract and Other Smooth Muscle:

TEVA-EMTEC-30 causes a reduction in motility associated with an increase in smooth muscle tone in the antrum of the stomach and duodenum. Digestion of food in the small intestine is delayed and propulsive contractions are decreased. Propulsive peristaltic waves in the colon are decreased, while tone may be increased to the point of spasm resulting in constipation. Other opioid-induced effects may include a reduction in gastric, biliary and pancreatic secretions, spasm of the sphincter of Oddi, and transient elevations in serum amylase.

Cardiovascular System:

TEVA-EMTEC-30 may produce release of histamine with or without associated peripheral vasodilation. Manifestations of histamine release and/or peripheral vasodilatation may include pruritus, flushing, red eyes, hyperhidrosis and/or orthostatic hypotension.

Endocrine System:

Opioids may influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal or -gonadal axes. Some changes that can be seen include an increase in serum prolactin, and decreases in plasma cortisol and testosterone. Clinical signs and symptoms may be manifest from these hormonal changes.

Immune System:

In vitro and animal studies indicate that opioids have a variety of effects on immune functions, depending on the context in which they are used. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown.

Special Population and Conditions

Geriatrics: Elderly patients may be more susceptible to adverse effects, especially respiratory depression and constipation. Caution is advised; the initial dose should be reduced and effects monitored. Elimination and metabolism may be slowed; lower doses or longer dosing intervals may be required.

STORAGE AND STABILITY

Store at 15 – 30°C. Keep out of the reach of children.

DOSAGE FORMS, COMPOSITION AND PACKAGING

Composition:

Each round, peach-coloured tablet, coded EMTEC-30, contains: acetaminophen 300 mg and codeine phosphate 30 mg. Also contains as non-medicinal ingredients: FD&C yellow #6 aluminum lake, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose and sodium starch glycolate.

Packaging:

Available in bottles of 100 and 500.

PART II: SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION

PHARMACEUTICAL INFORMATION

Drug Substance

Proper name: Acetaminophen

Chemical name: N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) acetamide, 4'-hydroxyacetanilide

Molecular formula and molecular mass: C₈N₉NO₂, 151.2 g/mol

Structural formula:

Proper name: Codeine phosphate

Chemical name: 7, 8-didehydro-4,5α-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6α-ol-phosphate (1:1) (salt) hemihydrate

Molecular formula and molecular mass: C₁₈H₂₁NO₃•H₃PO₄•½H₂O, 406.4 g/mol

Structural formula: