Doxycycline-100 Cap 100mg USP Product Monograph

INDICATIONS AND CLINICAL USE

DOXYCYCLINE - 100 and DOXYTAB may be indicated for the treatment of:

Pneumonia

Single and multilobe pneumonia and bronchopneumonia due to susceptible strains of

Streptococcus pneunomiae and other Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., H. influenzae and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Other Respiratory Tract Infections

Pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis caused by susceptible strains of β-hemolytic Streptococcus, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus pneunoniae and H. influenzae. Genitourinary Tract Infections

Pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis, gonococcal urethritis caused by susceptible strains of Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter aerogenes, E. coli, Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

In adult patients with urethrltis, cervicitis and vaginitis with a positive test for Chlamydia trachomatis and/or Ureaplasma urealyticum, clinical resolution and absence of detectable organisms have been observed at completion of ORAL therapy with doxycycline. Relapses or reinfection can occur. In these cases, limited data suggest that some patients may derive clinical benefit from an alternative therapy. The effect on long term morbidity has not been established.

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Impetigo, furunculosis, cellulitis, abscess, wound sepsis, paronychia, caused by susceptible strains of Staphylococcus aureus and epidermidis, Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp.

and Enterobacter aerogenes.

Gastro-intestinal Infections

Caused by susceptible strains of Shigella spp., Salmonella spp. and E. coli.

Up to 44 percent of strains of Streptococcus pyogenes and 74 percent of Streptococcus faecalis have been found to be resistant to tetracycline drugs.

Appropriate culture and susceptibility studies should be carried out prior to initiation of therapy with DOXYCYCLINE - 100 or DOXYTAB and if clinically indicated during treatment.

Consideration may be given to the initiation of therapy before obtaining results of these tests, however modification of such treatment may be required once the results become available.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

DOXYCYCLINE - 100 and DOXYTAB are contraindicated in individuals who have shown hypersensitivity to tetracyclines, and in patients with myasthenia gravis.

WARNINGS

Doxycycline like other tetracyclines, may form a stable calcium complex in any bone-forming tissue, though in vitro it binds calcium less strongly than other tetracyclines. It should be anticipated that the use of DOXYCYCLINE - 100 or DOXYTAB during tooth development (last trimester of pregnancy, during lactation, neonatal period and early childhood to the age of 8 years) may cause permanent discoloration of the teeth (yellow-gray-brown). Though more commonly associated with long term use of tetracyclines, this effect has also been known to occur after short courses. Enamel hypoplasia has also been reported.

DOXYCYCLINE - 100 and DOXYTAB should, therefore, not be used in these age groups unless other drugs are unlikely to be effective or are contraindicated. Instances of esophageal lesions

(esophagitis and ulcerations), sometimes severe, have been reported in patients receiving doxycycline. The patients must be instructed to take DOXYCYCLINE - 100 or DOXYTAB with a full glass of water, to keep in orthostatic position after the administration and not to go to bed within 1-2 hours after the intake. If symptoms such as dysphagia and retrosternal pain occur,

DOXYCYCLINE - 100 or DOXYTAB should be discontinued and an esophagic lesion must be investigated (see PRECAUTIONS, ADVERSE REACTIONS, DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and INFORMATION FOR THE PATIENT). DOXYCYCLINE - 100 and DOXYTAB should not be prescribed to patients with obstructive esophagic pathology, such as stenosis and achalasia.

Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) has been reported with use of many antibacterial agents, including doxycycline hyclate. CDAD may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. It is important to consider this diagnosis in patients who present with diarrhea, or symptoms of colitis, pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon, or perforation of colon subsequent to the administration of any antibacterial agent. CDAD has been reported to occur over 2 months after the administration of antibacterial agents.

Treatment with antibacterial agents may alter the normal flora of the colon and may permit overgrowth of Clostridium difficile. C. difficile produces toxins A and B, which contribute to the development of CDAD. CDAD may cause significant morbidity and mortality. CDAD can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy.

If the diagnosis of CDAD is suspected or confirmed, appropriate therapeutic measures should be initiated. Mild cases of CDAD usually respond to discontinuation of antibacterial agents not directed against Clostridium difficile. In moderate to severe cases, consideration should be given to management with fluids and electrolytes, protein supplementation, and treatment with an antibacterial agent clinically effective against Clostridium difficile. Surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated, as surgical intervention may be required in certain severe cases. (see ADVERSE REACTIONS)

Photosensitivity manifested by an exaggerated sunburn reaction has been observed in some individuals taking tetracyclines. Patients apt to be exposed to direct sunlight or ultraviolet light should be advised that this reaction can occur with DOXYCYCLINE - 100 and DOXYTAB , and treatment should be discontinued at the first evidence of skin erythema (see PRECAUTIONS,

ADVERSE REACTIONS and INFORMATION FOR THE PATIENT). The use of sunscreen or sunblock prior to sun or UV light exposure should be considered in patients taking

DOXYCYCLINE - 100 or DOXYTAB .

Usage in Pregnancy

DOXYCYCLINE - 100 and DOXYTAB should not be administered to pregnant women, unless in the judgment of the physician the potential benefit to the mother outweighs the risk to the fetus

(see above WARNINGS section about use during tooth development).

Results of animal studies indicate that tetracyclines cross the placenta, are found in fetal tissues, and can have toxic effects on the developing fetus (often related to retardation of skeletal development). Evidence of embryotoxicity has also been noted in animals treated early in pregnancy.

Usage During Lactation

Tetracyclines are excreted in the milk of lactating women. Accordingly the use of DOXYCYCLINE

• 100 or DOXYTAB is not recommended in women while they are breast feeding (see above

WARNINGS section about use during tooth development).

Use in Newborns, Infants and Children

The use of DOXYCYCLINE - 100 and DOXYTAB in children under 8 years is not recommended because safe conditions for its use have not been established (see above WARNINGS section about use during tooth development).

Doxycycline hyclate like other tetracyclines forms a stable calcium complex in any bone-forming tissue. A decrease in the fibula growth rate has been observed in prematures given oral tetracycline in doses of 25 mg/kg every six hours. This reaction was shown to be reversible when the drug was discontinued.

PRECAUTIONS

In clinical studies to date, administration of doxycycline hyclate did not lead to increased serum levels nor to an increase in the serum half-life of doxycycline in patients with impaired renal function. Modification of doxycycline hyclate dosage for these patients is not necessary.

Although no evidence of increased toxicity has been observed in such patients, the potential for increased hepatic or other toxicity should be considered until further data on the metabolic fate of doxycycline under these conditions become available.

Concurrent administration of DOXYCYCLINE - 100 or DOXYTAB and agents known to be hepatotoxic should be avoided.

The use of antibiotics may occasionally result in overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms including fungi; thus, observation of the patient is essential. Patients should be advised that the use of doxycycline might increase the incidence of vaginal candidiasis (see ADVERSE

REACTIONS and INFORMATION FOR THE PATIENT).

Bulging fontanels in infants and benign intracranial hypertension in adults have been reported in individuals receiving full therapeutic dosages. Although the mechanism of this phenomenon is unknown the signs and symptoms have disappeared rapidly upon cessation of treatment with no sequelae (see ADVERSE REACTIONS).

Cases of esophageal injury consisting of esophagitis and esophageal ulceration have been reported in patients receiving doxycycline hyclate orally. Most of these patients took medication immediately before going to bed and/or without adequate amount of fluid (see DOSAGE AND

ADMINISTRATION). If this should occur, DOXYCYCLINE - 100 or DOXYTAB should be discontinued until healing occurs. Administration of antacids and/or cimetidine has provided relief in the treatment of such cases. TO REDUCE THE RISK OF ESOPHAGEAL INJURY, PATIENTS

SHOULD BE ADVISED TO TAKE DOXYCYCLINE - 100 CAPSULES OR DOXYTAB TABLETS

WITH AN ADEQUATE AMOUNT OF FLUID WHILE STANDING OR SITTING UPRIGHT.

DOXYCYCLINE - 100 and DOXYTAB should not be given at bedtime.

In long term therapy with DOXYCYCLINE - 100 or DOXYTAB , periodic laboratory evaluation of organ systems, including hematopoietic, renal and hepatic studies should be performed. Liver function tests should be carried out at regular intervals on patients receiving high doses for prolonged periods of time.

Drug interactions

DOXYCYCLINE - 100 and DOXYTAB should be given with caution to patients receiving oral anticoagulants. Because the tetracyclines have been shown to depress plasma prothrombin activity, patients who are on anticoagulant therapy may require downward adjustment of their anticoagulant dosage.

Antacids containing aluminum, calcium or magnesium impair absorption and should not be given to patients taking DOXYCYCLINE - 100 or DOXYTAB

The concurrent use of Doxycycline hyclate with alcohol, barbiturates, phenytoin and carbamazepine (hepatic enzyme inducers) has been reported to result in a reduction of plasma half-life of doxycycline, thereby reducing the antimicrobial effectiveness of Doxycycline. This effect may last for several days after discontinuation of therapy with the interacting agent.

Therefore, consideration should be given to re-adjustment of the daily dose of DOXYCYCLINE -

100 or DOXYTAB when administered concomitantly with alcohol and with drugs known to be enzyme inducers.

It has been reported that concurrent administration of ferrous sulphate (iron) lowered serum concentrations of doxycycline given orally and shortened the serum half-life after a single intravenous injection. In the event that iron and iron-containing products have to be given during treatment with DOXYCYCLINE - 100 or DOXYTAB the interval between administration of each drug should be as wide as possible.

It has been reported that when subsalicylate bismuth was given simultaneously and as a multiple-dose regimen before oral doxycycline hyclate there was a reduced bioavailability of doxycycline. Also peak serum concentrations of doxycycline were significantly decreased when subsalicylate bismuth was given 2 hours before oral doxycycline but not when given 2 hours after oral doxycycline. Therefore subsalicylate bismuth should not be taken during therapy with oral

DOXYCYCLINE - 100 or DOXYTAB .

Since bacteriostatic drugs may interfere with the bactericidal action of penicillin, it is advisable to avoid giving DOXYCYCLINE - 100 or DOXYTAB or any other tetracycline, in conjunction with penicillin.

There have been anecdotal reports that concurrent use of tetracyclines may render oral contraceptives less effective.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

GASTROINTESTINAL:

As with other broad spectrum antibiotics administered orally and parenterally, gastro-intestinal disturbances such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, glossitis, dysphagia, stomatitis, proctitis and enterocolitis, may occur, but have rarely been sufficiently troublesome to warrant discontinuation of therapy with doxycycline hyclate. Abdominal pain, dyspepsia,

pseudomembranous colitis, C. difficile diarrhea and inflammatory lesions (with monilial overgrowth) in the anogenital region have also been reported.

Cases of esophagitis and esophageal ulcerations, sometimes severe, in patients receiving capsule and tablet form of doxycycline hyclate have been reported (see WARNINGS,

PRECAUTIONS, DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, INFORMATION FOR THE PATIENT). AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:

Flushing.

BODY AS A WHOLE:

Hypersensitivity reactions consisting of urticaria, angioneurotic edema, anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, anaphylactoid reaction, anaphylactoid purpura, dyspnea, hypotension, pericarditis, peripheral edema, serum sickness, tachycardia and exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus have been reported.

SKIN:

Maculopapular and erythernatous rashes, photosensitivity skin reactions, photo-onycholysis, erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis have been reported. Exfoliative dermatitis has also been reported but is uncommon (see WARNINGS).

MUSCULO-SKELETAL:

Arthralgia and myalgia.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM:

Headache, bulging fontanels in infants and benign intracranial hypertension in adults (see

PRECAUTIONS).

LIVER/BILIARY:

There have been reports of hepatotoxicity (including hepatic failure, autoimmune hepatitis and cholestasis). As with other tetracyclines, hepatitis, elevation of SGOT or SGPT values have been reported, the significance of which is not known.

HAEMATOLOGIC:

Hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, eosinophilia, leukopenia.

HEARING/VESTIBULAR:

Tinnitus.

INVESTIGATIONS (Renal Function Analyses)

Elevated BUN (apparently dose related) has been reported.

OTHERS:

When given over prolonged periods tetracyclines have been reported to produce brown- black microscopic discolouration of the thyroid gland. Abnormalities of thyroid function have not been shown to date (see TOXICOLOGY, Subacute Toxicity).

SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF OVERDOSAGE

Specific information on symptoms or treatment of overdosage with doxycycline hyclate is not available. Treatment, therefore, should be symptomatic and gastric lavage may be considered for overdosage with the oral preparation. Dialysis does not alter serum half-life and thus would not be of benefit in treating cases of overdosage.

For management of suspected drug overdose contact your regional Poison Control Centre

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

DOSAGE

EXCEEDING THE RECOMMENDED DOSAGE MAY RESULT IN AN INCREASED INCIDENCE

OF SIDE EFFECTS.

Adults

The recommended dosage of oral DOXYCYCLINE - 100 and DOXYTAB in adults for the majority of susceptible infections is a single loading dose of 200 mg on the first day of treatment followed by a maintenance dosage of 100 mg once daily at the same time each day thereafter.

In the management of more severe infections (particularly chronic infections of the urinary tract),

200 mg should be given daily throughout the treatment period.

Therapy should be continued for at least 24-48 hours after symptoms and fever have subsided. It should be noted, however, that effective antibacterial levels are usually present 24 to 36 hours following discontinuance of DOXYCYCLINE - 100 or DOXYTAB therapy.

When used in steptococcal infections, therapy should be continued for 10 days to prevent the development of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis.

For treatment of uncomplicated acute gonococcal infections, the recommended dosage is 200 mg starting and 100 mg in the evening, the first day, followed by 100 mg b.i.d. for 3 days. For treatment of uncomplicated urethral, endocervical, or vaginal infections in adults associated with Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum: 100 mg, by mouth, twice a day for at least 10 days.

No alteration in recommended dosage schedule need be made when treating patients with impaired renal function.

ADMINISTRATION

DOXYCYCLINE - 100 and DOXYTAB should be given with or after a meal in order to minimize the possibility of gastric upset. Antacids and iron preparations impair absorption and should not be given concomitantly to patients taking oral DOXYCYCLINE - 100 or DOXYTAB

Patients should be advised to take DOXYCYCLINE - 100 CAPSULES and DOXYTAB TABS with a full glass of water, to keep in orthostatic position after the administration and not to go to bed within 1-2 hours after the intake.

PHARMACEUTICAL INFORMATION

CHEMISTRY

Trade name(s) DOXYCYCLINE - 100

DOXYTAB

Drug Substance

Proper Name (s) : Doxycycline Hyclate (doxycycline hydrochloride hemiethanolate hemihydrate).

Chemical Name: 2-Naphthacenecarboxamide,

4-(dimethylamino)-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-

octahydro-3,5,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo- monohydrochloride, compd. with ethanol (2:1), monohydrate, | 4S- (4α, 4aα, 5α, 5aα, 6α, 12α) | -or

∝-6-deoxy-5-oxytetracycline.

Structural Formula:

Molecular Formula: C₂₂H₂₄O₈N₂ .HCl&O. 5H₂O&O. 5C₂H₅OH

Molecular Weight: 512.9

Description: Doxycycline hyclate is a light yellow, crystalline powder essentially free of solvent odour. It is soluble in water; pH (1% H₂0) is between

2.0 and 3.0. It decomposes without melting at 201°C Composition

DOXYCYCLINE - 100 contain doxycycline hyclate equivalent to 100 mg of doxycycline base. Also contains lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, stearic acid, and magnesium stearate.

Capsule shell contains talc and gelatin, FD&C Blue #1 dye, titanium dioxide, iron oxide, FD&C

Blue #2 dye, FD&C Red #40 dye, FD&C Blue #1 dye, and D&C Yellow #10 dye. Supplied in plastic bottles (high density polyethylene) of 100, 250, 500, and 1000 capsules.

DOXYTAB contain doxycycline hyclate equivalent to 100 mg of doxycycline base. Also contains microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, colloidal silicon dioxide, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, titanium dioxide, sunset yellow FCF, purified water, and carnauba wax. Supplied in plastic bottles (high density polyethylene) of 100, 250, 500, and 1000 tablets.

DOSAGE FORMS

AVAILABILITY

DOXYCYCLINE - 100 (doxycycline) 100 mg are available as blue hard gelatin capsules imprinted

PRO 100 containing doxycycline hyclate equivalent to 100 mg of doxycycline, supplied in bottles of 100, 250, 500 and 1000.

DOXYTAB (doxycycline) 100 mg are available as round, biconvex light orange, film-coated tablets, engraved PRO over 100 on one side, containing doxycycline hyclate equivalent to 100 mg of doxycycline, supplied in bottles of 100, 250, 500 and 1000.

STORAGE:

DOXYCYCLINE - 100 and DOXYTAB contain 100 mg of doxycycline (as hyclate): Store at room temperature 15-30ºC. Protect from light. Dispense in a light-resistant container.

MICROBIOLOGY

Doxycycline is a broad spectrum antibiotic and has been shown to be active in vitro against the following Gram-negative, Gram-positive and other microorganisms:

Staphylococcus aureus Klebsiella pneumoniae

Staphylococcus epidermidis (albus)

Streptococcus pyogenes Salmonella typhi

Streptococcus faecalis Salmonella typhimurium

Streptococcus pneumoniae Salmonella enteriditis

Streptococcus viridans Shigella sonnei Listeria monocytogenes Shigella flexneri

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Bacillus anthracis

Bacillus subtilis

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Neisseria catarrhalis

Escherichia coli

Enterobacter aerogenes

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Haemophilus influenzae

Serratia spp.

Brucella spp.

Proteus spp.

Pasteurella spp.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Chlamydia trachomatis

Ureaplasma urealyticum

There is evidence to suggest that doxycycline hyclate, because of its rapid and almost complete absorption, may have less effect on the gut flora than other tetracyclines. Hinton (1968) has reported that the normal dosage regimen of tetracycline HCl administered to 17 volunteers was associated with important effects on the intestinal flora in terms of both changes in total population and the emergence of resistant strains. Large doses of oral doxycycline hyclate

(double the maximum recommended dosage) had to be administered to produce an equivalent effect.

In a similar number of volunteers, however, administration of the normal dosage regime of oral doxycycline hyclate was associated with substantially less effect on gut flora. Barteaux (1968)

noted that the gut flora of patients on various dosages of oral doxycycline hyclate for 10-80 days showed no significant deviation from the normal flora or from the flora of a control group of patients. These data suggest that microbiological intestinal complications (e.g., diarrhoea)

associated with tetracycline therapy may be less frequent when ordinary therapeutic doses of doxycycline are used.

The drugs in the tetracycline class have closely similar antimicrobial spectra, and cross-resistance among them is common.

SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING

The Kirby-Bauer method of disc susceptibility testing (using the 30 µg doxycycline disc)

and dilution susceptibility should be interpreted according to the criteria in TABLE 1.

TABLE 1

SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST

PHARMACOLOGY

Serum levels of doxycycline administered orally follow a similar pattern to those obtained with equivalent dosages administered intravenously as shown in TABLE 2. Peak serum levels were slightly higher and occurred earlier following intravenous administration than for oral administration (see TABLE 2).

TABLE 2

Serum levels (mg/L) after oral and I.V. infusion over 60 minutes (0.5 mg/mL) of a total daily dose of 200 mg of doxycycline hyclate on the first day (100 mg every 12 hours) and a dose of 100 mg on the second and third day of administration (22 Male Volunteers/Group).

Where no p is stated, p>.10 — time of dosing

Doxycycline was rapidly and almost completely absorbed following oral administration. The absorption of doxycycline was not significantly influenced by ingestion of food or milk (see TABLE

3).

TABLE 3

Effect of Food or Milk on Absorption of a Single Oral Dose of Doxycycline 100 mg as Hyclate

(5 Male Volunteers/Group).

Doxycyline is approximately 93% protein bound. The serum half-life of doxycycline is 18 hours.

Doxycycline is excreted in the urine (approximately 35-40% of the administered dose) and in the bile. The volume of distribution is approximately 0.7 L/kg. Hemodialysis does not alter the serum half-live.

Excretion of doxycycline by the kidney is about 40%/72 hours in individuals with normal renal function (creatinine clearance about 75 mL/min.). This percentage excretion may fall to a range as low as 1-5%/72 hours in individuals with severe renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance below

10 mL/min.). The serum half-life of doxycycline is not increased, nor does it accumulate in the blood of patients with impaired renal function.

TOXICOLOGY

Doxycycline Hyclate

1. a) Acute Toxicity

The acute oral and parenteral toxicity of doxycycline in mice, rats and dogs are as follows:

LD₅₀ (95% Confidence Limits)

ORAL I.V.

mg/kg mg/kg

Mice 1,900 (1696-2128) 241 (230-253)

Rats >2,000 228 (202-258)

Dogs >500 >100

The intraperitoneal LD₅₀'s of doxycycline in weaning and newborn rats are 262 (222-309) and 300

(275-327) mg/kg, respectively.

1. b) Subacute Toxicity

One to 2 1/2 - month subacute toxicity studies were conducted in rats, hamsters, dogs and monkeys. Doxycycline induced a yellow fluorescence (under ultraviolet light) of bone, teeth, kidney and/or liver, in all animal species tested. In rats, doxycycline produced no toxic effects in doses of up to 500 mg/kg/day for 30 days. In hamsters, doxycycline in dosages of 500 or 250 mg/kg/day produced weight loss and early death, but the 50 mg/kg level (for 30 days) was nontoxic. In dogs, doxycycline in dosages of 250 mg/kg/day for one month produced discoloration of the thyroid gland with the presence of intracytoplasmic granules in follicular acini and occasional amorphous body formation within follicular colloid.

Certain biochemical, functional and histological changes of the liver occurred in the dogs (but not in the rats, hamsters, or monkeys) receiving doxycycline for 30 days at dosage levels of 250 and

50 mg/kg/day, but not at the 25 mg/kg/day level. The biochemical changes in the blood were elevations of alkaline phosphatase, SGPT and/or BSP retention. Histologic changes were confined to bile ductular proliferation and hepatocellular intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies and

Kupffer cells swollen with PAS-positive granular material. These changes in the dog were reversible upon drug withdrawal.

Monkeys which received doxycycline at dosages of 25 and 50 mg/kg/day for 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 months showed mild yellow ultraviolet fluorescence of liver, kidney and bone, and the presence of small amounts of intracytoplasmic granular material in the thyroid gland

1. c) Chronic Toxicity

In an 18-month chronic toxicity study, rats were fed diets containing doxycycline at levels to provide daily drug intake of 500, 250, 50 and 0 mg/kg. Slight depression of weight gains in some rats receiving the 500 mg/kg/day dose occurred during the middle third of the study. The usual yellow ultraviolet fluorescence of bone, teeth and/or kidneys was seen in rats receiving all levels of doxycycline for 6, 12 or 18 months. Dark to light brown discoloration of the thyroid gland was also noted in rats receiving doxycycline for 12 months at levels of 500 and 250 mg/kg/day, and at

18 months at all levels. The only other change noted was depletion of hepatic glycogen in four rats receiving the highest dose level for 12 months.

Beagle dogs received doxycycline at levels of 10 and 100 mg/kg, six days per week. Moderate to marked elevations of alkaline phosphatase and SGPT (occasionally SGOT) were observed in animals receiving doxycycline, 100 mg/kg/day. One of two dogs receiving doxycycline, 100 mg/kg/day, displayed mild bile ductular proliferation and hepatocellular inclusion bodies after 5 months (biopsy sample) and 12 months (necropsy sample). Administration of doxycycline for 5 and 12 months at a level of 100 mg/kg/day and for 12 months at a level of 10 mg/kg/day caused black and brownish discoloration of the thyroid gland, respectively, with intracytoplasmic granules. Other changes included vasodilatation and focal areas of necrosis of the mucosa of the pyloric and fundic stomach of dogs, and yellow ultraviolet fluorescence of teeth and bones of animals at 100 mg/kg/day dose levels of doxycycline.

Additional groups of 4 beagles each received doxycycline in dosages of 5, 1 and 0 mg/kg/day for

6 months. The only abnormal findings were slight elevations of SGPT values in 3 dogs at the 5 mg/kg level at 180 days.

In a one year chronic toxicity study, groups of four rhesus monkeys each received doxycycline in oral doses of 0, 5, 25 and 50 mg/kg/day, respectively. Oral dosage of 100 mg/kg produced severe gastrointestinal symptoms, e.g., vomiting and diarrhea. In one out of 4 monkeys receiving the 50 mg/kg/day dose, occasional anorexia and diarrhea were observed during the first six months.

Significant pathologic changes noted in monkeys sacrificed after receiving doxycycline for 1 year at dose levels of 50 mg/kg/day were: 1) grossly, very light brown discoloration of the thyroid gland in one of the four monkeys, and 2) microscopically, brownish intracytoplasmic inclusions in the acinar cells of thyroid follicles of three out of four monkeys. Bone and dentin exhibited slight to moderate ultraviolet fluorescence.

Two monkeys, in another study, receiving the 25 mg/kg/day dosage, were sacrificed after 6 and 8 months on test, respectively. Significant gross and histopathologic findings were slight yellow ultraviolet fluorescence of the endosteum and periosteum of bone, and microscopic appearance of small amounts of granular intracytoplasmic material in the acinar cells of thyroid follicles. The highlights of the chronic toxicity studies can be summarized as follows:

1. 1) Discoloration of the thyroid gland, with deposition of intracytoplasmic granules in the acinar cells of the follicle. Thyroid function, however, did not seem to be affected. This phenomenon appears to be a result of the interaction of the antibiotic with the active iodinating system of the gland.
2. 2) Yellow staining of bones and teeth, which is thought to be due to formation of a tetracycline-calcium-phosphate complex.

Otherwise doxycycline was well tolerated by the rat and monkey at doses up to and including 500 and 50 mg/kg/day for 18 and 12 months, respectively. In dogs, however, repeated daily oral administration of large doses of doxycycline resulted in certain hepatic functional and histopathologic changes which are reversible after drug withdrawal. No adverse hepatic effects were noted in the hamster (1 month), rats (18 months) or monkeys (12 months) for doses up to and including 500, 500 and 50 mg/kg/day, respectively. In view of this and in view of the lack of notable toxicity in our wide human clinical program, it is our opinion that this is a species specific phenomenon, for the dog only.

1. d) Reproduction and Teratogenic Studies

Doxycycline has no teratologic effects in rats, rabbits or monkeys.

Breeding rats received doxycycline by gavage in doses of 50 and 250 mg/kg/day prior to and throughout two consecutive litters. There was no evidence that doxycycline interfered with the reproductive process in rats.

Pregnant female white New Zealand rabbits received doxycycline orally in doses of 8 and 40 mg/kg/day, respectively, from day 8 to day 16 of pregnancy. Spina bifida and partial anencephaly in one pup each in the control and the 8 mg/kg group, respectively, are believed to be spontaneous and drug-induced.

In teratogenic studies using a limited number of monkeys, doxycycline, in doses ranging from 1 to

50 mg/kg/day, did not produce any teratologic effects.

Doxycycline Monohydrate

With bulk doxycycline monohydrate administered in a 10% aqueous suspension, the oral LD50 for albino male mice was greater than 5000 mg/kg.

DoxycycIine Hyclate with Ascorbic Acid

Studies in mice and rats showed the LD50 of doxycycline (as hyclate) I.V. to be 75 mg/kg in mice and 88 mg/kg in rats of doxycycline (using a preparation of doxycycline hyclate equivalent to 100 mg of doxycycline with 480 mg of ascorbic acid as a sterile powder).

No signs of drug toxicity were seen in dogs receiving 20 to 21 daily doses of doxycycline (as hyclate) I.V. at a dose level of 5 mg/kg when administered as a 0.5% solution at a rate of 1 mg/kg/min. Dogs receiving 14, 16 or 17 daily intravenous doses of 10 mg doxycycline (as hyclate)

I.V. per kg of bodyweight, or 4 daily 60 minute infusions of 300 mg doxycycline (as hyclate) I.V., or 300 mg degraded doxycycline (as hyclate) I.V. evidenced serum alkaline phosphatase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase elevations. No morphological basis for these enzyme elevations was established although moderate bile ductular proliferation was seen in 1 of 2 dogs receiving 4 daily intravenous infusions of degraded doxycycline (as hyclate) I.V. In 8 dogs receiving daily intravenous doses of 10 mg doxycycline (as hyclate) I.V./kg/day (0.5% solution), 5 of 24 vessels used for injections evidenced degrees of thrombosis with recanalization.

Thrombosis in 3 of 6 sites occurred in 2 dogs receiving infusions of degraded doxycycline (as hyclate) I.V. (30 mg/kg-0.5% solution). Injection site thrombosis did not occur in 6 dogs (18 sites)

receiving daily doses of 5 mg doxycycline (as hyclate) I.V./kg bodyweight administered as a 0.5% solution at a rate of 1 mg/kg/min (approximately 1 mL/min).

Studies to date indicate that the maximum tolerated intravenous daily dose of doxycycline (as hyclate) I.V. in dogs for 21 consecutive days is 5 mg/kg/day when administered as a 0.5% solution at a rate of 1 mg/kg/min.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

VIBRAMYCIN - GENERAL

1. 1. Aitchison WRC, Grant IWB, Gould JC. Treatment of acute exacerbations in chronic bronchitis. Brit J Clin Pract 1968; 22:343-45.
2. 2.

   Barteaux JW. Clinical experience with doxycycline, a new tetracycline. Intl J Clin

   Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1968; 1:404-405.

Clinical Research Reports, Medical Division, Pfizer Co. Ltd. Montreal

1. 1. Colemore JP, Braden B, Wilkerson R. Effectiveness of doxycycline treatment in chronic urinary tract infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1966; 118-120.
2. 2. Domescik G, McLone DG, Scotti A, Mackey DM. Use of a single dose of doxycycline monohydrate for treating gonorrheal urethritis in men. Public Health Reports 1969; 84:182-83.
3. 3. Gallai Z, Sylvestre L, Breault JP. Doxycycline in the treatment of acute gonorrhea in couples. Presented at the 6th International Congress of Chemotherapy. Aug. 11-14 1969, Tokyo, Japan.
4. 4. Gallai Z, Sylvestre L, Breault JP. Instant treatment of acute gonococcal urethritis with doxycycline. Presented at the second world congress of the Int. Soc. of Tropical Dermatology. Aug. 16-18 1969, Kyoto, Japan.
5. 5. Grossan M. Management of infections of the ear, nose and throat with a new tetracycline antibiotic: doxycycline. EENT Monthly 1968; 47:321-24.
6. 6.

   Hany A, Petite J, Robert M, Fabre J. La doxycycline en clinique (fre). Chemotherapy

   1968; 13(Suppl):59-63.

7. 7.

   Hinton NA. The effect of oral tetracycline HCI and doxycycline on the intestinal flora. Curr

   Ther Res 1970; 12:341-52.

8. 8. Huang NN, Shang K, Basavanand N. Doxycycline treatment of children with cystic fibrosis of pancreas. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1966; :127-133.
9. 9.

   Isenberg D. In Vitro activity of doxycycline against bacteria from clinical material. Appl

   Microbiol 1967; 15(5):1074-78.

10. 10. Kalfopoulos P at al. Absorption digestive de la doxycycline chez I'homme comparee a celle des autres tetracyclines. Policlinique de medecine (Pr. J. Fabre) et Clinique Medicale Therapeutique (Pr. R.S. Mach) de l'universite de Geneve.
11. 11.

    Lassus A. The treatment of gonorrhea with doxycycline as a single dose. Chemotherapy

    1968; 13(6):366-68.

12. 12.

    Lundberg C, Gullers K, MaImborg AS. Antibiotics in sinus secretions. Lancet 1968; 2:107-

    108.

13. 13.

    Migliardi JR, Schach von Wittenau M. Pharmacokinetic properties of doxycycline in man.

    In: Proceedings of the 5th Intl Cong of Chemother, Vienna, pp. 167-172, 1967.

14. 14. Monnier J, Bourse R, Onfray J. Doxycycline: In Vitro bacteriostatic activity and serum levels in man. Antibiotica 1966; 4:268-82.
15. 15. Neuvonen PJ, Gothoni G, Hackman R, Bjorksten KAF. Interference of iron with the absorption of tetracyclines in man, Brit Med J 1970; 4:532-34.
16. 16.

    Pankey GA. Sinusitis. Current Therapy 1971, edited by Howard F. Conn. M.D., W.B.

    Saunders Co. Toronto, pp. 125-27.

17. 17.

    Roberge R, Lauchance W. Etude de la doxycycline en clinique et en laboratoire.

    Saguenay Med 1968; 15:101-107.

18. 18.

    Rosenblatt JE, Barrett JE, Brodie JL, Kirhy WM. Comparison of In Vitro Activity and Clin.

    Pharm. of Doxycycline and other tetracyclines. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother 1966; 6:134-41.

19. 19. Schach von Wittenau M. Some pharmacokinetic aspects of doxycycline metabolism in man. Chemotherapy 1968; 13(Suppl):41-50.
20. 20. Steigbigel NH, Reed CW, Finland M. Susceptibility of common pathogenic bacteria to seven tetracycline antibiotics in vitro. Amer J Med Sci 1968; 255:179-95.
21. 21. Sylvestre L, Gallai Z. Traitement minute de la gonorrhee par un nouveau derive de l'oxytetracycline: la doxycycline. Union Med Can 1968; 97:639-40.
22. 22.

    Sylvestre L, Gallai Z. Instant treatment of gonorrhea with a new oxytetracycline derivative:

    doxycycline (preliminary report), Intl Clin Pharm Ther Toxicol 1968; 1:401-403.

23. 23.

    Williamson GM. Laboratory studies of Vibramycin (doxycycline) International Symposium.

    New resource in antibiotic therapy: doxycycline, Buenos Aires, June 14-15, 1967.

24. 24.

    Williamson GM. The in vitro activity of Vibramycin (doxycycline). Chemotherapy 1968;

    13(Suppl):1-6.

VIBRAMYCIN IN RENAL INSUFFICIENCY

1. 1.

   Edel. Doxycycline in renal insufficiency. VI Intern Congress of Chemotherapy. Tokyo,

   August 1969.

2. 2.

   Fabre J, Pitton JS, Kunz JP. Distribution and excretion of doxycycline in man.

   Chemotherapy 1966; 11:73-85.

3. 3. Fabre J Pitton JS, Virieux C, Laurencet FL, Bernhardt JP, Godel JC. Doxycycline absorption, distribution of a new broad-spectrum antibiotic in man. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1967; 97(28):915-24.(translation)
4. 4. Fabre J. Medicaments et fonctions renales. HeIv Med Acta 1967; 47(34):24-41.
5. 5. Fabre J, Kunz JP, Virieux C, Laurencet JL, Pitton JS. Le comportement de la doxycycline chez I'homme. Chemotherapy 1968; 13(Suppl):2340.
6. 6. Giromini M, Wasem R, Merier G, Fabre J. Influence de I'anurie et des hemodialyses sur le comportement des antibiotiques. Praxis 1969; 38:1181-87.
7. 7. Laurencet FL, Fabre J. Influence de l'insuffisance renale sur le comportement de la doxycycline. J Urol Nephrol 1968; 74:1038-47.
8. 8. Little PJ, Bailey FIR. Tetracyclines and renal failure. N Z Med J 1970; 72:183-84.
9. 9. Mahon WA, Wittenberg JVP, Tuffnel PG. Studies on the absorption and distribution of doxycycline in normal patients and in patients with severely impaired renal function. Can Med Assoc J 1970; 103:1031-34.
10. 10. Merier G, Laurencet FL, Rudhardt M, Chuit A, Fabre J. Behaviour of doxycycline in renal insufficiency. HeIv Med Acta 1969; 35:124-34.
11. 11.

    Porpaczy P. Doxycycline (Vibramycin) in renal insufficiency. Wien Klin Wschr. 1970;

    82:710-14.

12. 12. Ritzerfeld W, Westerboer S, Geller R. Doxycyclin in serum, diallysate and urine in patients with renal functional disease. Intl J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1970; 3:325-29.
13. 13.

    Schach von Wittenau M, Twomey TM. The disposition of doxycycline by man and dog.

    Chemotherapy 1971; 16:217-28.

14. 14. Schach von Wittenau, Twomey TM, Swindell AC. The disposition of doxycycline by the rat. Chemotherapy. 1971; 17(l):26-39.
15. 15. Stein W, Schoog M, Franz HE. Doxycycline serum levels in patients with renal insufficiency (Ger). Arzneim Forsch (Drug Research). 1969; 19:827-28.
16. 16. Vibramycin. Pharmacology Actua September 1969; 1(8): 8.
17. 17.

    Zech P, Traeger J. Tolerance de la doxycycline dans l'insuffisance renale severe. Lyon

    Med 1969; 999:943-45.

VIBRAMYCIN IN GONORRHEA

1. 1.

   Caldwell JG, Wessler S, Avioli LV. Current therapy of gonorrhea. JAMA 1971; 218:714-

   17.

2. 2.

   Ketterer WA. Homosexuality and venereal disease. Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality.

   December 1971; 1(4):43-50.

3. 3.

   Neumann HH, Baecker JM. Treatment of gonorrhea. Penicillin or tetracyclines? JAMA

   1972; 219:471-74.

4. 4.

   Smart WH, Lighter AC. Gonorrhea, the silent epidemic. A Scientific Exhibit, 23rd Clinical

   Convention of the A.M.A., Denver, Colorado. November 30-December 3, 1969.

VIBRAMYCIN IN CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS AND UREAPLASMA UREALYTICUM INFECTlONS

1. 1.

   Cunha BA, Comer JB, Jonas M. Symposium on antimicrobial therapy: The tetracyclines.

   Med Clin North Am 1982;66(l):293-302.

2. 2.

   Health and Welfare Canada, Bureau of Epidemiology. Canada Diseases Weekly Report

   1981;7(21):101-108.

3. 3.

   Jaffe HW. Nongonococcal urethritis: Treatment of men and their sexual partners. Rev

   Infect Dis 1982;4(6 Suppl):S772-S777.

4. 4. Johannisson G, Sernryd A, Lycke E. Susceptibility of Chlamydia trachomatis to antibiotics in vitro and in vivo. Sex Trans Dis 1979;6(2):50-57.
5. 5. Lassus A, Perko RL, Stubb S, Mattila R, Jansson E. Doxycycline treatment of nongonococcal urethritis with special reference to T-strain Mycoplasmas. Br J Vener Dis 1971;47:126-130.
6. 6. McNeil PJ, Fiumara NJ, Caliando JJ, Benes S, McCormack WM. Evaluation of doxycycline hyclate in the treatment of nongonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Dis 1981;8(2 Suppl):127-131.
7. 7. Romanowski B, Beftzer AS, Rush J. Treatment guidelines for selected sexually transmitted diseases. Can J Public Health 1983;74:166-72.
8. 8. Root TE, Edwards LID, Spengler PJ. Nongonococcal urethritis: A survey of clinical and laboratory features. Sex Transm Dis 1980;7(2):59-65.
9. 9. Siboulet A, Bohbot JM, Catalan F, Siboulet A, Henry-Suchet J. Les infections uretro-genitales a Chlamydia trachomatis. Bull Mem Soc Med Paris 1982;(4):103-13.
10. 10. Thompson SE, ed. Urogenital chlamydial infections: an international perspective with a focus on doxycycline. Proceedings of a symposium held in conjunction with The Second World Congress of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Paris, June 1986. Clin Ther 1986;9(Suppl A):1-39.
11. 11. U.S. Center for Disease Control. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 1982 and 1985. MMWR 1982;31(2S):33S-60S.
12. 12.

    Prescribing Information VIBRAMYCIN CAPSULES (doxycycline capsules 100 mg) and

    VIBRA-TAB FILM COATED TABLETS (doxycyclin film-coated tablets) Pfizer Canada Inc., April 7, 2009.