Simulect Product Monograph

SUMMARY PRODUCT INFORMATION

INDICATIONS AND CLINICAL USE

SIMULECT^® (basiliximab) is indicated for the prophylaxis of acute organ rejection in de novo renal transplantation and is to be used concomitantly with NEORAL^® (cyclosporine for microemulsion) and corticosteroid-based immunosuppression.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

SIMULECT^® (basiliximab) is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to basiliximab, mouse cell proteins or any other component of the formulation. See PHARMACEUTICAL INFORMATION – Composition.

SIMULECT^® IS A POTENT DRUG. THIS DRUG SHOULD ONLY BE USED BY PHYSICIANS EXPERIENCED IN IMMUNOSUPPRESSION THERAPY AND MANAGEMENT OF ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION PATIENTS IN A SETTING WHERE FULL RESUSCITATION FACILITIES ARE IMMEDIATELY AVAILABLE.

>

WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

General

SIMULECT^® (basiliximab) should be prescribed only by physicians who are experienced in the use of immunosuppressive therapy following organ transplantation.

Patients receiving SIMULECT^® should be managed in facilities equipped and staffed with adequate laboratory and supportive medical resources including medications for the treatment of severe hypersensitivity reactions.

The addition of agents other than NEORAL^® (cyclosporine for microemulsion) and corticosteroids to SIMULECT^® therapy may increase the risk of overimmunosuppression.

Please note that following initiation of treatment with NEORAL^®, due to the different bioavailabilities of the different oral cyclosporine formulations, patients should not be converted to any other oral formulation of cyclosporine without appropriate monitoring of cyclosporine blood concentrations, serum creatinine levels and blood pressure. This does not apply to the conversion between NEORAL^® soft gelatine capsule and NEORAL^® oral solution as these two dosage forms are bioequivalent.

It is therefore important that prescribers, pharmacists and patients be aware that substitution of NEORAL^® with any other oral formulation of cyclosporine is not recommended as this may lead to alterations in cyclosporine blood concentrations. For this reason, it might be appropriate to prescribe by brand.

Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis

Transplant patients receiving immunosuppressive regimens involving combinations with or without SIMULECT^® are at increased risk of developing lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) (such as lymphoma) and opportunistic infections (such as cytomegalovirus, CMV). In clinical trials, the incidence of opportunistic infections was similar in patients using immunosuppressive regimens with or without SIMULECT^®. In a pooled analysis of two five-year extension studies, no differences were found in the incidence of malignancies and LPDs between immunosuppressive regimens with or without SIMULECT^®.

Immune

Severe acute (less than 24 hours) hypersensitivity reactions have been observed both on initial exposure to SIMULECT^® and on reexposure to a subsequent course of therapy. These included anaphylactoid type reactions such as rash, urticaria, pruritis, sneezing, wheezing, hypotension, tachycardia, dyspnea, bronchospasm, pulmonary edema, cardiac failure, respiratory failure and capillary leak syndrome. If severe hypersensitivity occurs, therapy with SIMULECT^® should be permanently discontinued and no further dose should be administered.

Therefore, physicians prescribing SIMULECT^® for a second course of therapy should be fully aware of the risks of anaphylactic reaction and should exercise caution. There is accumulating evidence that a subgroup of patients is at increased risk of developing hypersensitivity reactions. These are patients in whom, following the initial administration of SIMULECT^®, the concomitant immunosuppression was discontinued prematurely, for example, due to abandoned transplantation or due to early loss of the graft. Acute hypersensitivity reactions were observed on re-administration of SIMULECT^® for a subsequent transplantation in some of these patients.

Individual cases of suspected cytokine release syndrome (CRS) have been reported during post-marketing experience with SIMULECT^® (see Post-Market Adverse Drug Reactions). Review of the clinical symptoms for each of the cases does not support the diagnosis of CRS. However, the contribution of SIMULECT^® could not be excluded.

Vaccination

No data are available on either the effects of live and inactive vaccination or the transmission of infection by live vaccines in patients receiving SIMULECT^®. Nevertheless, live vaccines are not recommended for immunosuppressed patients. Inactivated vaccines may be administered to immunosuppressed patients; however, response to the vaccine may depend on the degree of the immunosuppression.

Special Populations

Pregnant Women: There is no adequate information for use in pregnant women. SIMULECT^® (basiliximab) should not be given to pregnant women except in cases where the potential benefit for the mother outweighs the potential risk for the fetus.

Nursing Women: There are no data in lactating women. Since basiliximab is an immunoglobulin G (IgG_1k) antibody, it may cross the human placenta and may be excreted in human milk. Women receiving SIMULECT^® should not breast feed for 4 months following the last dose.

Pediatrics: No adequate and well-controlled studies have been completed in pediatric patients. Safety and efficacy in pediatric patients have not been established and pharmacokinetic data is very limited (See ACTION AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY - Pharmacokinetics). No studies have been performed in neonates or children aged less than two years.

Geriatrics: Controlled clinical trials of SIMULECT^® have included a small number of patients 65 years and older (SIMULECT^® 15; placebo 19). From the available data comparing SIMULECT^® and placebo-treated patients, the adverse event profile in patients ≥65 years of age is not different from patients < 65 years of age and no initial age-related dosing adjustment is required. Caution must be used in giving immunosuppressive drugs to elderly patients.

Use in Women of Childbearing Potential: Women of childbearing potential should use effective contraception before beginning SIMULECT^® therapy, during therapy and for 4 months after completion of SIMULECT^® therapy.

Fertility: No human data on the effect of basiliximab on fertility are available. Formal studies of the potential effect of SIMULECT^® on animal fertility have not been conducted (see TOXICOLOGY).

ADVERSE REACTIONS

Clinical Trial Adverse Drug Reactions

Because clinical trials are conducted under very specific conditions the adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials may not reflect the rates observed in practice and should not be compared to the rates in the clinical trials of another drug. Adverse drug reaction information from clinical trials is useful for identifying drug-related adverse events and for approximating rates.

SIMULECT^® (basiliximab) does not appear to add to the background of adverse events seen in organ transplant patients as a consequence of their underlying disease and the concurrent administration of immunosuppressants and other medications. In two controlled, double-blind, multicenter trials, the pattern of adverse events in 363 SIMULECT^®-treated patients was indistinguishable from that of 359 placebo-treated patients.

The cumulative incidence of adverse events which occurred in ≥ 6% in either treatment group during the first 12 months post-transplantation for the pooled studies is summarized in Table 1.

Serious adverse events occurred with similar incidence and profile in both the SIMULECT^® and placebo treatment groups (SIMULECT^® 59%, placebo 63% overall).

The rates of malignancies, reported infections, serious infections and infectious organisms were similar in the SIMULECT^® and placebo treatment groups. No specific SIMULECT^®-related risk was identified.

Incidence of death:

In a pooled analysis of two five-year extension studies, the incidence and cause of death remained similar in both treatment groups (SIMULECT^® 15%, placebo 11%). The primary cause of death being cardiac-related disorders (SIMULECT^® 5%, placebo 4%) such as cardiac failure and myocardial infarction.

Incidence of Malignant Neoplasms: The incidence of malignancies among the 722 patients in the two 12-month controlled trials was not significantly different between the SIMULECT^® and placebo-treatment groups, and compared to the incidence reported in the literature for renal allograft recipients. Overall, lymphoma/lymphoproliferative disease occurred in 1 patient (0.3%) in the SIMULECT^® group compared with 2 patients (0.6%) in the placebo group. Other malignancies were reported among 5 patients (1.4%) in the SIMULECT^® group compared with 7 patients (1.9%) in patients treated with placebo. No differences were found in the incidence of malignancies and lymphoproliferative disease between SIMULECT^® 7% (21/295) and placebo 7% (21/291) in a pooled analysis of two five-year extension studies.

Incidence of Infectious Episodes: Cytomegalovirus infection was reported in 14% of SIMULECT^®-treated patients and 18% of placebo-treated patients. The rates of infections (SIMULECT^® 81%, placebo 81%), serious infections (SIMULECT^® 27.5%, placebo 27.3%) and infectious organisms were similar in the SIMULECT^® and placebo treatment groups.

Table 1 - Adverse Events in Controlled Clinical Trials (≥ 6%)

Post-Market Adverse Drug Reactions

The following adverse drug reactions have been identified based on post-marketing spontaneous reports. Because these reactions are reported voluntary from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency.

Immune system disorders

Cytokine release syndrome has been reported.

Hypersensitivity/anaphylactoid reaction such as rash, urticaria, pruritus, sneezing, wheezing, bronchospasm, dyspnoea, pulmonary oedema, cardiac failure, hypotension, tachycardia, respiratory failure, capillary leak syndrome have also been reported (see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS).

Some reports of anaphylaxis and other infusion-related adverse events suggest that patients receiving subsequent courses of therapy with SIMULECT^® (for example, among those receiving a second transplant) are at higher risk of these events.

DRUG INTERACTIONS

Overview

Because SIMULECT^® is an immunoglobulin, no metabolic interactions are to be expected. Therefore, no formal drug-drug interaction studies have been conducted.

In controlled clinical trials a limited number of patients, treated with the recommended doses of SIMULECT^®, have also been administered azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus or antibody therapy such as OKT₃ or ATG/ALG with no increase in adverse events in SIMULECT^® patients as compared to placebo patients.

Azathioprine and Mycophenolate Mofetil: During the first 3 months post-transplantation, 10.5% of patients in the SIMULECT^® group and 21.7% of patients in the placebo group were treated with azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil for at least one month. There was no increase in adverse events or infections in the SIMULECT^® group compared to the placebo group, and no patients in the SIMULECT^® group experienced lymphoma or any other malignancy during the first 12 months post-transplantation.

Antibody Therapy: During the first 3 months post-transplantation, 14% of patients in the SIMULECT^® group and 27% of patients in the placebo group received augmented immunosuppression with antibody therapy (Orthoclone OKT₃ or ATG/ALG) with no increase in adverse events or infections in the SIMULECT^® group compared to the placebo group. No patients in the SIMULECT^® group who received antibody therapy experienced lymphoma or any other malignancy during the first 12 months post-transplantation.

Of 172 renal transplantation patients treated with SIMULECT^® in one clinical trial, the incidence of human anti-murine antibody (HAMA) was 3.5% (6/172); since 4 of the 6 patients positive for HAMA also received Orthoclone OKT₃, the incidence may be as low as 1.2% (2/172). Analysis of rejection outcome in patients treated with Orthoclone OKT₃ demonstrates a lower rate of graft loss in the SIMULECT^® (7/47 = 15%) than placebo-treated patients (16/71 = 23%), indicating the use of SIMULECT^® has no deleterious effect upon the subsequent efficacy of Orthoclone OKT₃. The available clinical data on the use of Orthoclone OKT₃ in patients previously treated with SIMULECT^® suggests that subsequent use of Orthoclone OKT₃ or other murine anti-lymphocyte antibody preparations is not precluded.

The use of SIMULECT^® does not preclude subsequent treatment with murine anti-lymphocytic antibody preparations.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Reconstituted SIMULECT^® (basiliximab) can be administered either as an intravenous infusion over 20 to 30 minutes or as a bolus injection.

Recommended Dose and Dosage Adjustment

The recommended total dose is 40 mg, given in two doses of 20 mg each. The first 20 mg dose should be given within 2 hours prior to transplantation surgery. The second 20 mg dose should be given 4 days after transplantation.

Administration

Reconstitution:

Instructions for Use and Handling

To prepare the infusion/injection solution add 5 mL of Sterile Water for Injection to the vial containing the SIMULECT^® lyophilized powder. Care must be taken during reconstitution to maintain sterility because the formulation contains no antimicrobial preservatives. Shake the vial gently to dissolve the powder. The sterile product is stable at 2-8⁰C for 24 hours or at room temperature for 4 hours. Discard the reconstituted solution if not used within 24 hours.

OVERDOSAGE

In clinical studies SIMULECT^® (basiliximab) has been administered to humans in single doses of up to 60 mg and multiple doses of up to 150 mg over 24 days with no untoward acute effects.

ACTION AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Mechanism of Action

SIMULECT^® (basiliximab) is a chimeric murine/human monoclonal antibody (IgG_1k) that is selectively directed against the interleukin-2 receptor alpha-chain (IL-2R alpha, also known as CD25 antigen), which is expressed on the surface of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic challenge. SIMULECT^® specifically binds to the CD25 antigen on activated T-lymphocytes expressing the high affinity interleukin-2 receptor and thereby prevents binding of interleukin-2, the signal for T-cell proliferation.

Complete and consistent blocking of the interleukin-2 receptor is maintained as long as serum basiliximab levels exceed 0.2 µg/mL. As concentration falls below this level, expression of the CD25 antigen returns to pretherapy values within 1-2 weeks. Cytokine release syndrome or myelosuppression was not observed during SIMULECT^® administration in the pivotal transplantation trials.

Pharmacokinetics

Table 2 Summary of basiliximab’s Pharmacokinetic Parameters in patients undergoing kidney transplantation

Single-dose and multiple-dose pharmacokinetic studies have been conducted in patients undergoing kidney transplantation. Cumulative doses have ranged from 15 mg up to 150 mg.

Peak serum concentration following intravenous infusion of 20 mg over 30 minutes is 7.1 ± 5.1 mg/L. There is a dose-proportional increase in C_max and AUC up to the highest tested single dose of 60 mg.

The volume of distribution at steady state is 8.6 ± 4.1 L. The extent and degree of distribution to various body compartments has not been fully studied. In vitro studies using human tissues indicate that SIMULECT^® binds only to lymphocytes and macrophages/monocytes. The terminal half-life is 7.2 ± 3.2 days. Total body clearance is 41 ± 19 mL/h.

No clinically relevant influence of body weight or gender on distribution volume or clearance has been observed in adult patients. Elimination half-life was not influenced by age (20-69 years), gender or race.

In a clinical trial with 23 adult liver transplant patients, the disposition of SIMULECT^® was characterized by a steady-state distribution volume of 7.5 ± 2.5 L, half-life of 4.1 ± 2.1 days and clearance of 75 ± 24 mL/h. Contributing to clearance were drug loss via drained ascites fluid and post-operative bleeding. Offsetting the faster drug clearance was a lower receptor-saturating-concentration threshold of 0.1 µg/mL in this population. Hence, the duration of IL-2R alpha blockade at a given SIMULECT^® dose level is similar to that seen in adult renal transplant patients.

Special Populations and Conditions

Pediatrics: Safety and efficacy in pediatric patients have not been established and pharmacokinetic data is very limited (See WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS). No data exist on the use of SIMULECT^® (basiliximab) in neonates or infants aged less than 2 years. In one clinical study in 12 pediatric de novo renal transplant patients aged 2-11 years (n=8), the volume of distribution at steady state was 5.2 ± 2.8 L, half-life was 11.5 ± 6.3 days and clearance was 17 ± 6 mL/h.

Clearance and volume were not influenced by age (2- 11 years), body weight (9-37 kg) or body surface area (0.44-1.20 m²) in this age group. The disposition of SIMULECT^® in pediatric renal transplant patients was characterized by an average 50% lower clearance compared to adult patients. In adolescents aged 12-15 (n=4), the volume of distribution at steady-state was 10.1 ± 7.6L, half-life was 7.2 ± 3.6 days and clearance was 45 ± 25 mL/h. Disposition in adolescents was similar to that in adult renal transplant patients. The relationship between serum concentration and receptor saturation was assessed in two patients (2 and 12 years) and was similar to that characterized in adult renal transplant patients. No adequate and well-controlled studies have been completed in pediatric patients.

STORAGE AND STABILITY

Store in its original container at 2-8⁰C. It is recommended that after reconstitution the colourless, clear to opalescent solution should be used immediately. If not used immediately, it is stable at 2-8⁰C for 24 hours or at room temperature for 4 hours. Discard the reconstituted solution if not used within 24 hours.

Shipping and storage should be under refrigerated conditions (2-8⁰C).

SPECIAL HANDLING INSTRUCTIONS

Instructions for Use and Handling

To prepare the infusion/injection solution add 5 mL of Sterile Water for Injection to the vial containing the SIMULECT^® lyophilized powder. Care must be taken during reconstitution to maintain sterility because the formulation contains no antimicrobial preservatives. Shake the vial gently to dissolve the powder. The sterile product is stable at 2-8⁰C for 24 hours or at room temperature for 4 hours. Discard the reconstituted solution if not used within 24 hours.

The reconstituted solution is isotonic and may be given as a bolus injection or diluted to a volume of 50 mL or greater with normal saline or dextrose 5% for infusion.

Since no data are available on the compatibility of SIMULECT^® with other intravenous substances, SIMULECT^® should not be mixed with other medications/ substances and should always be given through a separate infusion line.

Compatibility with the following infusion sets has been verified:

Infusion Bag

• Baxter minibag NaC1 0.9%

Infusion Sets

• Luer Lock^TM, H. Noolens
• Sterile vented i.v. set, Abbott
• Infusion set, Codan
• Infusomat^TM, Braun
• Infusionsgerat R 87 plus, Ohmeda
• Lifecare 5000^TM Plumset Microdrip, Abbott
• Vented basic set, Baxter
• Flashball device, Baxter
• Vented primary administration set, Imed

Compatibility with other commercial devices has not been tested.

DOSAGE FORMS, COMPOSITION AND PACKAGING

SIMULECT^® (basiliximab) is supplied in packages of one glass vial containing 20 mg sterile lyophilized powder for injection/infusion after reconstitution with 5.0 mL Sterile Water for Injection (not supplied).

Composition

One vial of SIMULECT^® 20 mg contains 20 mg of basiliximab. The non-medicinal ingredients include 7.21 mg potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.99 mg disodium hydrogen phosphate, 1.61 mg sodium chloride, 20 mg sucrose, 40 mg glycine and 80 mg mannitol. No preservatives are included.

PART II: SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION

PHARMACEUTICAL INFORMATION

Drug Substance

Proper name: basiliximab

Chemical name: chimeric murine/human monoclonal antibody (IgG_1K)

Molecular formula and molecular mass: C₆₄₀₀H₉₈₈₈N₁₆₉₆O₂₀₀₆S₅₂; 144 355 Da

Physicochemical properties: Physical Description: white lyophilisate

Solubility: Water soluble

pH value of reconstituted solution: 6.5

Description: Basiliximab is a glycoprotein obtained from the fermentation of an established mouse myeloma cell line genetically engineered to express plasmids containing the human heavy and light chain constant region genes and mouse heavy and light chain variable region genes encoding the RFT5 antibody that binds selectively to the IL-2R.

CLINICAL TRIALS

The efficacy and safety of SIMULECT^® (basiliximab) in prophylaxis of organ rejection in de novo renal transplantation has been demonstrated in placebo-controlled studies. Results from two pivotal 12-month multicentre studies (B201 and B352) comparing SIMULECT^® with placebo show that SIMULECT^®, used concomitantly with NEORAL^® (cyclosporine for microemulsion) and corticosteroids, significantly reduces the incidence of acute rejection episodes (EU/CAN Study: 30% (SIMULECT^®) vs. 44% (Placebo), p=0.007; U.S. Study: 33% (SIMULECT^®) vs 46% (Placebo), p=0.015). Other expected renal transplantation events (acute tubular necrosis and cyclosporine toxicity) were observed at similar rates in the placebo and SIMULECT^® groups (acute tubular necrosis: 18.7% (SIMULECT^®) vs.18.4 (placebo), p=0.924; cyclosporine toxicity: 18.2% (SIMULECT^®) vs. 15.9% (placebo), p=0.430.

Long Term Follow-up

Five-year patient survival and graft survival data were provided by 71% and 58% of the original patients of Study B201 and Study B352, respectively. Patients in both studies continued to receive a dual therapy regimen with NEORAL^® (cyclosporine for microemulsion) and corticosteroid-based immunosuppression. No difference was observed between groups in the 5-year graft survival in either Study B201 (91% SIMULECT^® group, 92% placebo group) or Study B352 (85% SIMULECT^® group, 86% placebo group). In Study B201, patient survival was lower in the

SIMULECT^®-treated patients compared to the placebo-treated patients (142/163 [87%] versus 156/164 [95%], respectively). The cause of this difference in survival is unknown. The data do not indicate an increase in malignancy- or infection-related mortality. In Study B352, patient survival in the placebo group (90%) was the same compared to the SIMULECT^® group (90%).

In a pooled analysis of two five-year open-label extension studies (586 patients total), the combined graft and patient survival rates were not statistically different for the SIMULECT^® and placebo groups. Extension studies also showed that patients who experienced an acute rejection episode during the first year after transplantation experienced more graft losses and deaths over the five-year follow-up period than patients who had no rejection. These events were not influenced by SIMULECT^®.

Of 270 patients treated with SIMULECT^® and tested for anti-idiotype antibodies, only one developed an anti-idiotype antibody response.

Of 172 patients treated with SIMULECT^® in one clinical study, the incidence of human anti-murine antibody (HAMA) was 3.5% (6/172); since 4 of the 6 patients positive for HAMA also received OKT3, the incidence may be as low as 1.2% (2/172).

DETAILED PHARMACOLOGY

Animal Pharmacokinetics

Basiliximab was evaluated for systemic exposure in 4-week toxicity studies in the rhesus monkey at doses of 0.5 to 5 mg/kg every 3-4 days and an embryo-fetal development study at 1 and 5 mg/kg doses administered every 4 days (Days 20-48 of pregnancy) in the cynomolgus monkey. In these studies, serum concentrations of basiliximab were measured after a single dose and after 3-4 weeks of multiple dosing.

Peak concentrations following a single 5 mg/kg dose in rhesus monkeys averaged 155 mg/mL (males) and 186 mg/mL (females), and multiple 5 mg/kg dosing yielded maximum concentrations of 463 mg/mL (males) and 295 mg/mL (females). Peak concentrations in pregnant cynomolgus monkeys following the same dose were somewhat lower, 77.1 mg/mL (single dose) and 130 mg/mL (multiple dose).

Exposure was proportional or nearly proportional to a single dose over the 0.5 to 5 mg/kg range. After multiple dosing, basiliximab exposure in several animals in each study was lower than that in the same animals following a single dose, especially in the low dose groups (0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 mg/kg). The reduced basiliximab exposure may be due to either the formation of anti-basiliximab antibodies or a high concentration of soluble Interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) in some monkeys. The antibody and/or sIL-2R response was weak and had little, if any, effect at the higher doses studied. Multiple basiliximab dosing at 4.5 and 5 mg/kg doses yielded a modest accumulation of basiliximab, consistent with its 5-7 day half-life and the twice weekly dosing frequency.

TOXICOLOGY

General toxicology studies with basiliximab included: 4 week intravenous toxicity in rhesus monkey; 4 week intravenous toxicity in rhesus monkey with 8-week recovery; 39-week intravenous toxicity in rhesus monkey with 13-week recovery and local intravenous tolerance in the rabbit. These studies demonstrated that basiliximab was well tolerated in the rhesus monkey for 39 weeks (up to 24 mg/kg week) and it did not show any local intravenous irritation potential in the rabbit (up to 0.4% solution). In the 39-week study, the highest dose administered to rhesus monkey (24 mg/kg) resulted in approximately 1,000 times the systemic exposure (AUC) observed in renal transplant patients given the recommended clinical dose together with concomitant immunosuppressive therapy.

Table 2: Toxicology Studies

Mutagenicity and Reproductive Toxicology

Basiliximab was evaluated for gene mutation test with Salmonella (Ames), chromosomal aberration test with V79 cells (Table 3) and intravenous embryo-fetal development in the cynomolgus monkey (Table 4). The embryo-fetal development study was conducted in cynomolgus monkeys. These studies demonstrated that basiliximab did not show any evidence of mutagenicity or chromosomal aberrations and did not produce maternal toxicity, embryotoxicity or teratogenicity in pregnant cynomolgus monkey (up to 5 mg/kg twice a week).

Table 3: Mutagenicity

Table 4: Reproductive Toxicity

Formal non-clinical studies on the potential effects of basiliximab on fertility have not been conducted (see Special population: Fertility).

REFERENCES

Amlot PL et al. Prolonged action of a chimeric interleukin-2 receptor (CD25) monoclonal antibody used in cadaveric renal transplantation. Transplantation,Vol. 60 (7), p. 748-756, 1995.

Austen KF. Disorders of immune-mediated injury. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, Wilson JD, Martin JB, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL (eds) Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 14th ed; New York: McGraw-Hill, p.1860-69, 1998.

Bamgbola FO, Del Rio M, Kaskel JF, et al. Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema during basiliximab induction in three adolescent renal transplant patients. Pediatr Transplant; 7:315-20, 2003.

Barros BR, Rocha V, Garcia VD, et al. Anaphylactic shock after treatment with basiliximab. Transplant Proc; 35:579, 2003.

Baudoin V, Crusiaux A, Haddad E, et al. Anaphylactic shock caused by immunoglobulin E sensitization after retreatment with a chimeric anti- interleukin-2 receptor monoclonal antibody basiliximab. Transplantation; 76(3):459-63, 2003.

Hariharan S, Johnson CP, Bresnahan B et al. Improved graft survival after renal transplantation in the United States, 1988 to 1996. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:605-612, 2000.

ItoS, Watanabe Y, Mitsuhata N. A case of Simulect^®- induced acute hypersensitivity in a patient after living renal transplantation. The 258th Meeting of Okayama Branch of Japanese

Society of Urology. Dec 13 2003, 8, 2003.

Jeyarajah DR, Thistlethwaite JR. General aspects of cytokine-release syndrome: timing and incidence of symptoms. Transplant Proc; 25(2) (1 Suppl April):16-20, 1993.

Kahan BD, Rajagopalan RP, Hall ML. Reduction of acute cellular rejection in renal allograft patients with basiliximab (Simulect^®). American Society of Transplantation Surgeons May 14-16, 1997, Chicago (IL), Abstract A-3.

Kasuhiro N, Yoshinobu I, Tadaaki Y, et al. Severe asthma complicated by large mucoid impaction: successful removal with balloon catheter. Jpn J Resp Soc; 42(10):914-18, 2004.

Kazuhide S, Yuki N, Hidemitsu W, et al. A study of seven new renal transplant patients who used basiliximab. Japanese Journal of Transplantation; The 38Th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society for Transplantation; Oct 17-19 2002, 2002.

Kazuhide S, Ritsu U, Maki A, et al. Clinical study on basiliximab-induced immosuppressive therapy for 18 cases of new renal transplantation. The 36th Meeting of Japanese Society of Renal Transplantation. Jan 29-31 2003.

Kovarik J-M et al. Pharmacokinetics and immunodynamics of chimeric IL-2 receptor monoclonal antibody SDZ CHI 621 in renal allograft recipients. Transplantation Int., Vol. 9, suppl. 1, p. S32-33, 1996.

Kovarik, J-M et al. Prolonged immunosuppressive effect and minimal immunogenicity from chimeric (CD25) monoclonal antibody SDZ CHI 621 in renal transplantation. Transplantation Proceedings, Vol. 28 (2), p. 913-914, 1996.

Leonard PA, Woodside KJ, Gugliuzza KK, et al. Safe administration of humanized murine antibody after anaphylaxis to a chimeric murine antibody. Transplantation; 74(12):1697-1700, 2002.

Nashan, B et al. Randomised trial of basiliximab versus placebo for control of acute cellular rejection in renal allograft recipients. The Lancet, Vol. 350, p. 1193-1198, 1997.